In situ Pb and bulk Sr isotope analysis of the Yinchanggou Pb-Zn deposit in Sichuan Province (SW China): Constraints on the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids

The Yinchanggou Pb-Zn deposit, located in southwestern Sichuan Province, western Yangtze Block, is stratigraphically controlled by late Ediacaran Dengying Formation and contains >0.3 Mt of metal reserves with 11 wt% Pb + Zn. A principal feature is that this deposit is structurally controlled by normal faults, whereas other typical deposits nearby (e.g. Maozu) are controlled by reverse faults. The origin of the Yinchanggou deposit is still controversial. Ore genetic models, based on conventional whole-rock isotope tracers, favor either sedimentary basin brine, magmatic water or metamorphic fluid sources. Here we use in situ Pb and bulk Sr isotope features of sulfide minerals to constrain the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids. The Pb isotope compositions of galena determined by femtosecond LA-MC-ICPMS are as follows: ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.17–18.24, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.69–15.71, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.51–38.63. These in situ Pb isotope data overlap with bulk-chemistry Pb isotope compositions of sulfide minerals (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.11–18.40, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.66–15.76, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.25–38.88), and both sets of data plotting above the Pb evolution curve of average upper continental crust. Such Pb isotope signatures suggest an upper crustal source of Pb. In addition, the coarse-grained galena in massive ore collected from the deep part has higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (18.18–18.24) than the fine-grained galena in stockwork ore sampled from the shallow part (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.17–18.19), whereas the latter has higher ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (38.59–38.63) than the former (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.51–38.59). However, both types of galena have the same ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (15.69–15.71). This implies two independent Pb sources, and the metal Pb derived from the basement metamorphic rocks was dominant during the early phase of ore formation in the deep part, whereas the ore-hosting sedimentary rocks supplied the majority of metal Pb at the late phase in the shallow part. In addition, sphalerite separated from different levels has initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.7101 to 0.7130, which are higher than the ore formation age-corrected ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of country sedimentary rocks (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_200 Ma = 0.7083–0.7096), but are significantly lower than those of the ore formation age-corrected basement rocks (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_200 Ma = 0.7243–0.7288). Again, such Sr isotope signatures suggest that the above two Pb sources were involved in ore formation. Hence, the gradually mixing process of mineralizing elements and associated fluids plays a key role in the precipitation of sulfide minerals at the Yinchanggou ore district. Integrating all the evidence, we interpret the Yinchanggou deposit as a strata-bound, normal fault-controlled epigenetic deposit that formed during the late Indosinian. We also propose that the massive ore is formed earlier than the stockwork ore, and the temporal-spatial variations of Pb and Sr isotopes suggest a certain potential of ore prospecting in the deep mining area.     

Early Cretaceous porphyry copper mineralization in Northeast China: the Changfagou example

The Changfagou Cu deposit is a newly discovered porphyry deposit located in the southern Jilin Province of Northeastern China, on the northeastern margin of the North China Craton. To better understand the formation of the Cu deposit, we report the zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os dating, and Sr-, Nd-, and Hf- isotopic data of the granite porphyry. LA-ICP-MS dating of zircon grains from two mineral zones in the granite porphyry yield ages of 115.7 ± 0.8 and 115.3 ± 0.6 Ma, which is interpreted as the emplacement age of the granite porphyry. The molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 112.5 to 113.8 Ma, an isochron age of 113.3 ± 1.3 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 113.0 ± 0.7 Ma, which represents the age of the Cu mineralization quite well. The Changfagou granite porphyry samples lack amphibole and muscovite, and are compositionally characterized by high SiO₂, high Na₂O+K₂O, and low P₂O₅, enriched in some Rb, Th, U, and Pb, and depleted in Nb, Ta, Ti, P, and Eu. Mineralogical and geochemical features suggest that the Changfagou granite porphyry samples are slightly peraluminous and are of highly fractionated I-type granitoids. The granitic rocks also have relatively high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i (0.71199 to 0. 71422), and both low εNd(t) (?14.56 to ?13.19) and εHf(t) values (?14.916 to ?8.644), which suggest that Changfagou granite porphyry are derived from mixed sources of crustal and mantle, and diagenesis and mineralization were possibly related to the switch in subduction direction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate in the late phase of Early Cretaceous.     

Petrogenesis and metallogenic potential of the Jurassic porphyries in the northwest Zhejiang Province,South China: insights from SHRIMP zircon geochronology,geochemistry, and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes of the Huangbaikeng ore-bearing porphyries

The northwest Zhejiang Province is a key domain for providing deep insight into the crust–mantle interaction and tectonic evolution of the South China block. In this paper, we collect geochemical, geochronological, and isotopic data of the Jurassic porphyries in this region, and investigated the Huangbaikeng ore-bearing porphyry in the Tongcun Mo–Cu deposit, using it as an example to uncover the porphyry petrogenesis and evaluate their metallogenic potential. Two varieties of the Huangbaikeng porphyry were distinguished: the medium- to coarse-grained type and medium- to fine-grained type. Zircon Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe U–Pb dating indicates that they were emplaced at 161.8 ± 2.8 and 162.7 ± 3.5 Ma, respectively, which are consistent with the molybdenite Re–Os ages of 163.9–161.8 Ma. The inherited zircons age spectrum significantly recorded a series of geological events, for example, assembly and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinent, and the Triassic collision of Yangtze and North China blocks. Whole rock Sr–Nd and Jurassic zircon Hf isotopic data yield mostly negative ε_Hf(t) values (0.5 to ?8.4) and ε_Nd(t) values (?0.79 to ?4.82). Besides the Huangbaikeng porphyry, all the Jurassic porphyries in the northwest Zhejiang Province have a wide range of SiO₂ contents (76.78–60.91 wt.%). They do not contain typical aluminous minerals (e.g. cordierite and garnet), and are mainly metaluminous to weakly peraluminous with high Na₂O, low FeO^T/MgO, and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y concentrations in composition. They thus fit the I-type granite definition. Some major and trace elements show strong correlations with SiO₂, possibly indicating extensive fractional crystallization during their magma evolution. Tectonic discriminations imply that these plutons were likely formed in a volcanic arc regime possibly related to subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate. Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data suggest a mixed source of the Mesoproterozoic crust and 30–50% mantle components. Compared with the adjacent Dexing Cu-bearing porphyies, which have more positive ε_Hf(t) and ε_Nd(t) values with more significant mantle components (55–70%), the Jurassic porphyries in the northwest Zhejiang Province probably lack metallogenic potential to form a giant porphyry copper deposit as Dexing.     

Deposition and tectonic setting of the Palaeoproterozoic Castelo dos Sonhos metasedimentary formation,Tapajós Gold Province,Amazonian Craton,Brazil: age and isotopic constraints

The Castelo dos Sonhos Formation (CSF) represents a relic of a sedimentary basin located in the southeastern Tapajós Gold Province (TGP), at its boundary with the Iriri–Xingu Domain (IX), south of the Amazonian Craton. The formation comprises mature, coarse-grained metasandstones (quartz-arenites) intercalated with auriferous metaconglomerates with clasts of quartz and subordinately of banded iron formation, quartzite, schist, and felsic metavolcanic rocks. Lithology, planar, channelled, and large-scale cross-bedding suggest deposition in continental setting by the braided fluvial system associated with alluvial fans and subordinate aeolian dunes. The rocks underwent very low metamorphism and gently synformal folding, and were intruded by andesites and granitoids (2011–1918 Ma). U–Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon data indicate maximum depositional ages of 2050 Ma (metaconglomerate) and 2074, 2088, and 2104 Ma (metasandstones). Hence, deposition occurred at 2050–2011 Ma, slightly preceding or being coeval with the onset of the orogenic phase in TGP (2030–1956 Ma). The quartz-arenite composition, zircon U–Pb data, and negative εHf (?1.3 to ?13.0) and εNd (?2.9 to ?5.3) values indicate: (1) quartzose provenance, (2) prolonged transport and recycling of sedimentary sources, (3) multiple age peaks (2050–3700 Ma), with predominant sources of 2100 and 2750 Ma, and (4) long crustal residence time for the source rocks. Source areas were Rhyacian–Siderian orogenic belts to Mesoarchaean terranes of the Amazonian Craton located to the east, southeast, and northeast of TGP, along with Palaeoarchaean and Eoarchaean detrital zircons recycled from older sedimentary rocks. We interpret CSF as part of a larger foreland system related to the evolution of Rhyacian orogens, currently represented by the Bacajá and Santana do Araguaia domains. The present location of CSF in the easternmost TGP, close to its boundary with IX, is due to rifting (1.89–1.80 Ga) that produced the Uatumã Silicic Large Igneous Province (Uatumã SLIP), and the juxtaposition of the crustal domains is supported by gravity data.     

Geochemistry of late Palaeozoic granitoids of the Balkhash metallogenic belt,Kazakhstan: implications for crustal growth and tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

ABSTRACT

The Balkhash metallogenic belt (BMB) in Kazakhstan is a famous porphyry Cu–Mo metallogenic belt in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The late Palaeozoic granitoids in the BMB are mainly high-K calc-alkaline and I-type granites, with shoshonite that formed during a late stage. Geochemical analyses and tectonic discrimination reveal a change in the tectonic environment from syn-collision and volcanic arcs during the Carboniferous to post-collision during the Permian. The late Palaeozoic granitoids from the Borly porphyry Cu deposit formed in a classical island-arc environment, and those from the Kounrad and Aktogai porphyry Cu deposits and the Sayak skarn Cu deposit are adakitic. The ε_Nd(t) values for the late Palaeozoic granitoids are between ?5.87 and +5.94, and the ε_Sr(t) values range from ?17.16 to +51.10. The continental crustal growth histories are different on either side of the Central Balkhash fault. On the eastern side, the ε_Nd(t) values of the granitoids from the Aktogai and Sayak deposits are very high, which are characteristic of depleted mantle and suggest that crustal growth occurred during the late Palaeozoic. On the western side, the ε_Nd(t) values of the granitoids from the Borly and Kounrad deposits are slightly low, which suggests the presence of a Neoproterozoic basement and the mixing of crust and mantle during magmatism. The granitoids have initial ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values of 18.335–20.993, 15.521–15.732, and 38.287–40.021, respectively, which demonstrate an affinity between the late Palaeozoic magmatism in the BMB and that in the Tianshan, Altai, and Junggar orogens.     

赣西北大雾塘钨矿区地质特征及Re-Os同位素年代学研究

通过对大湖塘钨矿田的大雾塘钨矿区辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年代学的研究,测得辉钼矿的w(Re)为0.3368×10~(-6)~8.256×10~(-6),获得的5个模式年龄比较一致,介于(136.6±2.2)Ma~(138.4±2.4)Ma,加权平均年龄为(137.7±2.7)Ma(MSWD=0.07)。将5个模式年龄进行等时线年龄计算,获得一条相关性较好的~(187)Re-~(187)Os等时线,计算得到辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为(137.9±2.0)Ma(MSWD=0.20),与加权平均年龄一致,可代表辉钼矿的形成年龄。结合石门寺和狮尾洞矿区典型矿床地质、地球化学特征和成岩作用时空关系,认为大雾塘矿床的形成是大湖塘钨矿田的第二期次(140 Ma)大规模成矿作用的产物,2期成矿作用可能是大湖塘钨矿田巨量成矿元素堆积的重要原因之一。     

山东谢家沟金矿床流体包裹体研究及成矿机制的探讨

谢家沟金矿床位于胶东隆起西北缘的焦家断裂带和招平断裂带之间。矿床赋存在中生代玲珑花岗岩体中,矿体主要受NNE向和NNW向断裂构造控制,主要呈脉状或透镜状产出。矿石矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、自然金、银金矿以及少量的碲银矿和辉银矿。围岩蚀变主要有钾长石化、硅化、黄铁绢英岩化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化等。成矿作用从早到晚可划分为4个阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-绢云母-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)、碳酸盐-萤石阶段(Ⅳ)。流体包裹体显微测温和激光拉曼成分分析表明,成矿早期流体温度为308~377℃,盐度为6.29%~8.55%,压力为350 MPa,属于H_2O-CO_2-NaCl流体体系;主成矿期的流体温度为226~331℃,盐度为4.87%~10.29%,压力为280~300 MPa,属于H_2O-CO_2-NaCl±CH_4流体体系。包裹体显微测温及岩相学观察发现,主成矿期的成矿流体发生了不混溶作用,这可能是导致金矿化的主要原因之一。硫同位素研究表明,谢家沟金矿床主成矿期黄铁矿的δ34S值接近或略低于胶东典型金矿床成矿期黄铁矿的δ34S值,暗示这些金矿床的成矿物质可能来自相同的源区;氢、氧同位素对比研究表明,谢家沟金矿床成矿流体表现出较明显的岩浆水特征,可能有大气降水的参与,但参与程度较弱。大气降水与岩浆水混合引起的温度降低、挥发分含量的降低可能是导致金矿化的另一原因。     

川滇黔地区铅锌矿床稳定同位素地球化学研究现状综合分析

川滇黔接壤区是中国重要的铅锌多金属成矿区,目前已经发现了会泽、天宝山、大梁子等超大型-大型铅锌矿床。文章通过系统总结分析区域内铅锌矿床稳定同位素(C、H、O、S同位素)数据,结合区域构造控矿特征,表明成矿热液的碳、氧主要来源于碳酸盐岩围岩,个别矿床可能有有机碳或幔源碳参与成矿作用。黔西北地区从靠SE侧威宁-水城构造带上的铅锌矿床至NW侧垭都-蟒硐构造带上的铅锌矿床,方解石的δ~(13)CV-PDB值从0.6‰~2.5‰转变为-5.3‰~1.5‰,δ18OV-SMOW值从23.3‰~25.5‰转变为11.3‰~20.9‰,均显示出逐渐变小的趋势;SN向小江断裂带内各矿床表现出线性关系,并且具有向δ~(13)CV-PDB、δ~(18)OV-SMOW都亏损的方向偏移趋势,NE向断裂带内的各矿床C、O同位素则表现为集中一致的分布特征。H、O同位素显示成矿流体具有建造水(热卤水和油田卤水)特征,部分可能有大气降水、变质水和岩浆水参与成矿作用。矿床硫源主要为同时代海水硫酸盐的热化学还原(TRS)形成的还原硫,个别矿床细菌还原硫酸盐(BSR)形成的富含轻硫的油气藏中的H2S可能为成矿过程提供了部分硫来源。黔西北地区铅锌矿床S同位素组成具有从SE侧至NW侧向轻硫方向偏移的趋势,SN向小江断裂带内铅锌矿床S同位素组成较为集中一致,NE方向断裂带内铅锌矿床S同位素则具有从SW侧至NE侧向轻硫方向偏移的趋势,TSR的反应强度和反应速率降低可能是导致向轻硫方向偏移的重要原因之一。     

北淮阳沙坪沟钼矿床成矿斑岩体特征与成因

沙坪沟钼矿床位于大别山北麓的北淮阳构造带,是近年来新发现的特大型斑岩钼矿床。区内燕山期岩浆岩广布,岩性有二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、闪长岩、石英正长岩、花岗斑岩、正长花岗岩、隐爆角砾岩等,钼矿床与最晚期的石英正长岩-花岗斑岩成因有关。对最晚期的花岗斑岩体系进行了LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年,结合前人已发表的年代学数据,将区内岩浆岩划分为3个阶段:第一阶段141~133 Ma,主要发育二长花岗岩,具有高Sr、低Y的地球化学特征,形成于加厚下地壳的部分熔融;第二阶段132~125 Ma,包括中基性的含斜长石辉石岩、斜长角闪石岩、闪长岩和酸性的花岗岩、花岗闪长岩等,中基性岩的出现表明地幔物质参与了该阶段岩浆岩的形成,可能与加厚地壳拆沉、软流圈物质上涌有关;第三阶段120~110 Ma,主要发育石英正长(斑)岩和花岗斑岩,为壳源成因。第一阶段岩浆岩的ε_(Hf)(t)介于-28.3~-22.5,与大别造山带大范围分布的中生代岩浆岩一致,结合前人研究分析表明,沙坪沟第一阶段岩浆岩为类似南秦岭陡岭群片麻岩源区构成的加厚下地壳部分熔融的产物。相比第一阶段岩浆岩,第三阶段石英正长岩、正长花岗岩脉、隐爆角砾岩和花岗斑岩的ε_(Hf)(t)非常一致,介于-18.4~-13.3之间,与北淮阳千鹅冲钼矿成矿花岗斑岩及汤家坪钼矿成矿花岗斑岩一致,其ε_(Hf)(t)明显偏高,应为较浅岩浆源区熔融的结果。华南板块广泛分布的古生代富Mo黑色页岩具有和北淮阳成钼矿岩浆岩具有一致的模式年龄,是形成北淮阳钼矿岩浆岩的理想层位。     

高灵敏度元素分析仪-连续流同位素质谱法对硅酸盐岩中碳及碳同位素组成的精确测定

硅酸盐岩中含有微量的碳,对其精确地分析可以示踪流体的来源和形成过程。元素分析仪-同位素质谱方法(EA-IRMS)是一种使用样品量小、快速的分析方法,本文将EA-IRMS技术应用于硅酸盐岩中微量碳同位素组成的测定,基于一系列条件实验,确认了硅酸盐岩中微量碳分析的EA-IRMS连续流方法的关键条件参数。标准物质选择和归一化处理使用以下方法:(1)选择较宽碳同位素组成范围且合理的碳同位素分布的标准物质,以高纯石英粉末与之混合来模拟天然样品中的基质。(2)利用与样品类似含量的3个标准物质的测量值和标准真值建立校准曲线,对天然样品的测量值进行标准化,从而实现了对硅酸盐岩中低至600!g/g微量碳含量和同位素组成的精确测定。用国家标准物质GBW04416作为未知样品检验了不同含量下拟合的线性方程,在碳含量不低于600!g/g时,标准偏差分别约为0.02‰、0.04‰、0.05‰、-0.07‰、0.11‰;在MERCK+USGS24混合物中,测量的δ13C值在标准误差范围内与理论值是一致的。因此,对于碳含量不低于600!g/g的30 mg硅酸盐岩样品,本方法能够获得高精准度的碳同位素分析结果。根据不同碳含量的标准混合物的峰面积(峰强度)和相对应的含量所建立的线性曲线获得样品的碳含量,碳含量的分析误差在10%以内。