Selenium enrichment in Carboniferous Shales,Britain and Ireland: Problem or opportunity for shale gas extraction?

The Carboniferous Bowland Shale in England, and its correlatives in Ireland, contain anomalously high concentrations of trace elements, including selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo) and arsenic (As). High levels of these elements reflect high sulphur contents as these elements occur as trace constituents of pyrite. Anomalous Se in particular may have a volcanic provenance, from contemporary volcanic activity and/or drainage from Ordovician volcanogenic sulphide deposits. Following concern over the release of Se and As into groundwater during shale gas extraction in the US, the potential fate of Se and As during any future shale gas extraction from the Bowland Shale merits attention. It is at least an environmental issue that must be managed, but at best it could be an opportunity for extraction of Se in an environmentally sensitive manner.     

Lipid,sterol and saccharide sources and dynamics in surface soils during an annual cycle in a temperate climate region

Multi-biomarkers were characterized in surface soils with different vegetation during an annual cycle in Oregon, U.S.A., to study the composition and dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM). The major compound classes identified include saccharides, steroids, terpenoids, and homologous series of aliphatic lipids (n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols, and n-alkanes). Saccharides, n-alkanoic acids, and sterols were the most dominant compound groups identified in Ryegrass field soils, whereas n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols, and sterols were dominant in soils under conifer and deciduous vegetation. Plant species, instead of microbial organisms, was found to be the primary source influencing the concentration and distribution of the major biomarker tracers in the studied surface soils. Over an annual cycle, concentrations of higher plant lipids such as monoacyl glycerides, sterols, n-alkanoic acids and total wax were higher during summer (especially June–August). During fall into winter, the concentrations of all compounds decreased to steady state levels due to cessation of de novo synthesis and concomitant biodegradation and remineralization of detritus. Sucrose and glucose reached maximum concentrations during spring (especially March–May), which could be related with plant growth, especially rootlets in the soils. Mycose, the microbial/fungal metabolite, maximized during late summer, suggesting the concomitant increase of microbial/fungal activity with the increasing primary production. The composition and variation of biomarkers observed over an annual cycle improved our understanding of SOM dynamics in temperate soils, which could also be linked to regional and global carbon cycles.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部二叠系山西组页岩气成藏条件与有利区筛选

鄂尔多斯盆地东部榆106井区山西组页岩沉积在三角洲平原分流河道间沼泽、天然堤、决口扇远端与洼地环境。根据有机地球化学、物性、含气性、岩性实验分析,结合钻井、录井、测井资料与沉积相研究,开展了该区山西组页岩气成藏条件与有利区分布研究。山西组页岩有机碳含量较高,山二段平均5.28%,山一段平均3.02%,有机质类型以Ⅱ_2、Ⅲ型干酪根为主,有机质成熟度较高,R_o平均1.89%,生气条件优越。页岩孔隙度平均1.7%,渗透率平均0.0415×10~(-3)μm~2,平均含气量0.64 m~3/t,页岩单层厚度小,垂向上普遍与致密砂岩、煤层组成互层,累计厚度较大(平均达75 m),页岩渗透性较好而储集性能稍差。页岩脆性矿物含量平均49.9%,黏土矿物含量平均50.1%,黏土矿物含量较高,资源丰度普遍较低,但是页岩埋深小于3000 m,试气产能较高(0.64×10~4m~3/d),商业开发潜力较好。山二段有机质含量比山一段更高,含气性比山一段更好。主要基于页岩厚度与沉积相展布预测的山二段页岩气有利区呈北东向、南北向条带状展布,受分流河道间沼泽微相的控制。     

Manila’s metropolitan landscape of gentrification: Global urban development,accumulation by dispossession & neoliberal warfare against informality

A new regime of gentrification is dramatically restructuring Manila’s metropolitan landscape. Grounded upon an on-going neoliberal warfare of accumulation by dispossession, this gentrification serves as the fulfillment of postcolonial visions of a world class and modern metropolis through public–private arrangements and market-oriented developments but necessitates the systematic demolition of informal settlements, the home of the Manila’s urban poor and working class population. Through a mixed-methods approach, this paper examines gentrification’s spatial forms and trajectories and exposes context specific dynamics facilitating accumulation by dispossession. Using barangay (village)-level data on changes in population of informal households and median zonal values, I calculate for local measures of spatial autocorrelation and locate significant clusters of spatial shifts. Using the quantitative results plus field narratives and community histories, I triangulate local dynamics of accumulation by dispossession. What emerges is a sprawling gentrification process that, in producing a market-oriented metropolis, displaces and asphyxiates informal spaces. These accounts illustrate the contingencies of violence, neoliberal urbanism, colonial legacies of land regimes, and elite power in the production of a globally-competitive Manila. With other Global South megacities similarly competing in the global market, gentrification in Manila, with its expanding landscape of property accumulation and ’legitimized’ dispossession, is instructive of the emerging form of gentrification in the 21st century.     

MreB在钝顶螺旋藻中的表达和定位

为了研究Mre B在钝顶螺旋藻Spirulina platensis形态建成中的作用,克隆了mre B基因并进行原核表达,对表达的融合蛋白进行了纯化,免疫小鼠制备了Mre B的多克隆抗体,分别用Western blot和免疫荧光技术检测不同形态藻丝体中Mre B的表达和定位,结果显示Mre B表达量在螺旋形和直线形两种藻丝体中无明显差异;免疫荧光定位显示,荧光主要分布于细胞膜下一圈,侧面可观察到荧光呈双股螺旋状分布。实验结果说明,Mre B含量不是导致螺旋藻形态改变的因素,Mre B细胞骨架蛋白参与指导细胞壁肽聚糖的合成,所以有可能通过其双螺旋结构在藻细胞中的不对称分布影响螺旋藻的形态。     

Source and accumulation of gas hydrate in the northern margin of the South China Sea

The northern South China Sea (NSCS) experienced continuous evolution from an active continental margin in the late Mesozoic to a stable passive continental margin in the Cenozoic. It is generally believed that the basins in the NSCS evolved as a result of Paleocene–Oligocene crustal extension and associated rifting processes. This type of sedimentary environment provides a highly favourable prerequisite for formation of large-scale oil- and gas–fields as well as gas hydrate accumulation. Based on numerous collected data, combined with the tectonic and sedimentary evolution, a preliminary summary is that primitive coal-derived gas and reworked deep gas provided an ample gas source for thermogenic gas hydrate, but the gas source in the superficial layers is derived from humic genesis. In recent years, the exploration and development of the NSCS oil, gas and gas hydrate region has provided a basis for further study. A number of 2D and 3D seismic profiles, the synthetic comparison among bottom simulating reflector (BSR) coverage characteristics, the oil-gas area, the gas maturity and the favourable hydrate-related active structural zones have provided opportunities to study more closely the accumulation and distribution of gas hydrate. The BSR has a high amplitude, with high amplitude reflections below it, which is associated with gas chimneys and pockmarks. The high amplitude reflections immediately beneath the BSR are interpreted to indicate the presence of free gas and gas hydrate. The geological and geochemical data reveal that the Cenozoic northern margin of the NSCS has developed coal-derived gas which forms an abundant supply of thermogenic gas hydrate. Deep-seated faults and active tectonic structures facilitate the gas migration and release. The thermogenic gas hydrate and biogenic gas are located at different depths, have a different gas source genesis and should be separately exploited. Based on the proven gas hydrate distribution zone, we have encircled and predicted the potential hydrate zones. Finally, we propose a simple model for the gas hydrate accumulation system in the NSCS Basin.     

营养盐对螺旋藻脂肪酸组成和含量的影响

本文研究不同浓度的氮、磷和碳以及不同的氮源对螺旋藻脂肪酸组成和含量的影响.结果表明改变营养盐的浓度对藻体TSFA和TPUFA均有较大影响，而对TMUFA无显著影响；氮源NaNO     

硫酸铵对钝顶螺旋藻（spirulina platensis）生长的影响

本实验利用硫酸铵代替zarrouk培养基中的硝酸钠。在硫酸铵的最适用量范围内钝顶螺旋藻spirulina platensis生长良好。不同用量的硫酸铵,对钝顶螺旋藻的生长,以及叶绿素和脱镁叶绿素含量有明显影响。钝顶螺旋藻生长,最佳时硫酸铵用量为0.1g/l,粗蛋白含量为51.35％。     

三种螺旋藻及其蛋白质、多糖和脂类结合硒的研究

于1992年9月—1995年1月将极大、钝顶、盐泽等三种螺旋藻在加4—100mg／L硒浓度的培养基内培养，研究藻细胞及其蛋白质、多糖和脂类结合硒的量，探讨硒的结合机理。结果表明，极大螺旋藻累积的硒随外加硒的浓度而增加，但累积系数接近平均值2．184；在同样的硒浓度（8mg／L）条件下，盐泽螺旋藻对硒的累积远大于极大和钝顶两种螺旋藻的，高达696．968×10－6；极大螺旋藻中蛋白质和脂类结合的硒分别占藻细胞含硒量的14．63％和16．05％，两者均高于其它两种藻中相对应的量；三种藻细胞多糖结合硒的能力均很弱，但胞外多糖结合硒的能力较强。根据实验结果推测，螺旋藻累积硒的机理一方面是大分子化合物的吸附作用，另一方面是通过生化过程使硒与蛋白质和脂类结合形成大分子化合物。     

hoxY基因的克隆及其在节旋藻和螺旋藻系统学研究的应用

从节旋藻属5个品系和螺旋藻属1个品系中克隆了hoxY基因的部分序列.序列长度都是479bp.在节旋藻中该基因GC含量为46.0%～46.6%,螺旋藻中为43.5%.节旋藻各品系间序列的相似性介于93.7%～100%,明显高于节旋藻属和螺旋藻属间的序列相似性（69.5%～72.2%）.2个属中镍铁氢化酶小亚基HoxY氨基酸序列的比较也表明螺旋藻和节旋藻之间存在较大差异.利用MEGA2通过比较核酸序列构建了系统树,表明螺旋藻和节旋藻属处于不同的分枝.