介甲目甲壳动物的研究——Ⅲ.中国的六种原蚌虫

本文对栖息在我国淡水鱼苗培育池及水稻田中的6种原蚌虫(隶属于甲壳门,鳃足纲,介甲目,蚌壳虫科)进行了分类记述。其中的兖州原蚌虫Eocyzicus yanzhouensis sp.nov.及拟莱阳原蚌虫E.paralaiyangensis sp.nov.系2新种。分别列表比较了新种与其近似种佩里原蚌虫E.perrieri Daday,1914,多刺原蚌虫E.spinfer Durga Prasad et al,1981及莱阳原蚌虫E.laiyangensis Hu,1985的主要形态区别特征。文中附有6种原蚌虫的检索表及形态特征图54幅。本文记述种的名录如次: 1.东方原蚌虫Eocyzicus orientalis Daday,1914; 2.蒙古原蚌虫E.mongolianus Ueno,1927; 3.戴维原蚌虫E.davidi(Simon,1886)Brtek et al,1984; 4.莱阳原蚌虫E.laiyangensis Hu,1985; 5.兖州原蚌虫,(新种)E.yanzhouensis sp.nov.; 6.拟莱阳原蚌虫,(新种)E.paralaiyangensis sp.nov.     

Winter-spring phytoplankton blooms in Dabob Bay, Washington

Scientific investigations in Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA, have been extensive since the early 1960s, but phytoplankton blooms have been studied mostly with regard to chlorophyll concentrations and little is known about the phytoplankton species themselves. Here we provide information on the species present, their abundances during blooms, their contribution to organic carbon concentrations and the ability of some phytoplankton species to produce toxic aldehydes that may impact metazoan grazers.Multiple blooms of phytoplankton, dominated by diatoms, occurred in the late winter-early spring period, with depth-integrated chlorophyll levels ranging from <20 to 230 mg m⁻² and peaks in February and April. The major bloom species included Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira spp. and Chaetoceros spp; Phaeocystis cf. pouchetii occurred in 2002 and 2004. Other taxa or groups of organisms that were sometimes abundant included unidentified small flagellates <10 μm in size and unidentified heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Large diatoms usually comprised most of the cell carbon, but a large, heterotrophic dinoflagellate, identified only as Gyrodinium “tear” because of its shape, was a major contributor to the microplankton carbon when present even in small numbers. Five Thalassiosira species and S. costatum were found to produce polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) that are known to affect copepod reproduction and hatching success. Our findings are similar to the few previous studies in the last four decades that included phytoplankton species and suggest long-term similarities and relative stability in the phytoplankton species present and their timing in Dabob Bay.     

中强地震前后能量分布的自仿射特性

根据简化的地震波传播理论,“漫化”地震能量在空间的分配,减弱能量空间分布概率的极端情形及消除统计域为“空”的情形,由此构造类似于二维ｆＢｍ的地震能量空间分布概率曲面。与起伏不平的地形相似,由于基在水平方向及垂直方向的变化不是等比例的,因而这一分形曲面可能是统计自仿射的。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘植物群落物种多样性及其生态环境

应用群落多样性指数（Ｄ）、均匀度（Ｊ）、生态优势度（Ｃ）等指标，对乌兰布和沙漠东北边缘不同生境（荒漠区、绿洲外围、绿洲内）的天然植物群落进行了研究，结果表明这三种指标值能有效地表征群落的组成结构特征及生境的优劣；荒漠植物群落多样性指数（Ｄ＝０．６０３～２．９８４）和均匀度（Ｊ＝０．３３７～０．６９１）都较低，而生态优势度（Ｃ＝０．７２４～０．１９５）较高，说明荒漠植被生态环境的脆弱性，群落结构越复杂，多样性指数越高；多样性与生态环境关系密切，Ｄ和Ｊ随生境渐好而递增，Ｃ随生境渐好而递减，可作为环境评价指标；多样性在一定程度上体现了群落的发展阶段和稳定程度，越接近顶级阶段，多样性越高，且环境的改善有助于群落演替进程的加速；干旱区弃耕撩荒地次生演替植被，在弃耕初期多样性随弃耕年限增大而减小，后期处于一个较稳定的水平，且各演替阶段植物组成变化较大。     

New Modes of Environmental Governance in Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation in Oregon

Abstract

Natural resource challenges often span administrative jurisdictions and include actors and processes operating at different spatial and political scales. We applied concepts of new environmental governance to analyze Oregon’s approach to greater sage-grouse conservation. Through one in-depth case study in Lake County, we traced features of new environmental governance (cross-scale interactions, decentralization, and capacities of actors) through different governance levels. Interviews and qualitative analysis revealed that decentralization of administrative functions facilitated cross-scale interactions and relied on intermediaries, gap-filling, and perceptions of legitimacy at lower levels. State and agency guidelines steered the effort and were accompanied by financial and technical resources from multiple arenas, which increased local capacity. This study adds to the understandings of environmental governance for implementing multi-actor, multi-level conservation arrangements in resource-dependent communities. Further exploration of connections between higher levels and local contexts will reveal important, new ways to link policies with on-the-ground outcomes.     

Multiple statistical approaches for the discrimination of mangrove species of Rhizophoraceae using transformed field and laboratory hyperspectral data

This study aims at discriminating eight mangrove species of Rhizophoraceae family of Indian east coast using field and laboratory spectra in spectral range (350–2500 nm). Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were applied on spectral data in four spectral modes: (i) reflectance (ii) continuum removed, (iii) additive inverse and (iv) continuum removed additive inverse. We introduced continuum removal of inverse spectra to utilize the advantage of continuum removal in reflectance region. Non-parametric test gave better separability than parametric test. Principal component analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis were applied for feature reduction and to identify optimal wavelengths for species discrimination. To quantify the separability, Jeffries–Matusita distance measure was derived. Green (550 nm), red edge (680–720 nm) and water absorption region (1470 and 1850 nm) were found to be optimal wavelengths for species discrimination. The continuum removal of additive inverse spectra gave better separability than the continuum removed spectra.     

Update and spatial extension of strategic forest inventories using time series remote sensing and modeling

Up-to-date forest inventory information relating the characteristics of managed and natural forests is fundamental to sustainable forest management and required to inform conservation of biodiversity and assess climate change impacts and mitigation opportunities. Strategic forest inventories are difficult to compile over large areas and are often quickly outdated or spatially incomplete as a function of their long production cycle. As a consequence, automated approaches supported by remotely sensed data are increasingly sought to provide exhaustive spatial coverage for a set of core attributes in a timely fashion. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the integration of current remotely-sensed data products and pre-existing jurisdictional inventory data to map four forest attributes of interest (stand age, dominant species, site index, and stem density) for a 55 Mha study region in British Columbia, Canada. First, via image segmentation, spectrally homogenous objects were derived from Landsat surface-reflectance pixel composites. Second, a suite of Landsat-based predictors (e.g., spectral indices, disturbance history, and forest structure) and ancillary variables (e.g., geographic, topographic, and climatic) were derived for these units and used to develop predictive models of target attributes. For the often difficult classification of dominant species, two modelling approaches were compared: (a) a global Random Forests model calibrated with training samples collected over the entire study area, and (b) an ensemble of local models, each calibrated with spatially constrained local samples. Accuracy assessment based upon independent validation samples revealed that the ensemble of local models was more accurate and efficient for species classification, achieving an overall accuracy of 72% for the species which dominate 80% of the forested areas in the province. Results indicated that site index had the highest agreement between predicted and reference (R² = 0.74, %RMSE = 23.1%), followed by stand age (R² = 0.62, %RMSE = 35.6%), and stem density (R² = 0.33, %RMSE = 65.2%). Inventory attributes mapped at the image-derived unit level captured much finer details than traditional polygon-based inventory, yet can be readily reassembled into these larger units for strategic forest planning purposes. Based upon this work, we conclude that in a multi-source forest monitoring program, spatially localized and detailed characterizations enabled by time series of Landsat observations in conjunction with ancillary data can be used to support strategic inventory activities over large areas.     

基于渔获群落多样性指标的深水流刺网渔具作业性能分析

根据在东海区开展的3种型深水流刺网选择性试验数据,对3种型深水流网渔获组成、多样性及渔获性能进行了分析比较研究。结果表明:(1)本次试验共捕获33种渔获物,包括鱼类28种、头足类3种、甲壳类2种,其中3种型刺网均捕获种类8种;(2)3种型刺网优势种存在差异,日本方头鱼和黄鲷为共同优势种;(3)3种型刺网捕获种类多样性指数(D值、H’值、J’值)均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),但渔获种类差异明显,3种型刺网两两比较种类Sorensen相似度均低于50%;(4)同型刺网相邻网目尺寸Bray-Curtis相似性较高,随着网目间距增加,相似度逐渐减低,以重量和尾数计算的相似性基本趋于一致;(5)3种型刺网随网目尺寸的增加(50～70mm),其W统计值(-0.113～0.040)总体上呈现依次增大的趋势,干扰程度逐渐较低。从生态多样性保护角度,增大网目尺寸是目前保护东海区底层生物多样性最有效的方式之一。