Structural controls on a geothermal system in the Tarutung Basin,north central Sumatra

The Sumatra Fault System provides a unique geologic setting to evaluate the influence of structural controls on geothermal activity. Whereas most of the geothermal systems in Indonesia are controlled by volcanic activity, geothermal systems at the Sumatra Fault System might be controlled by faults and fractures. Exploration strategies for these geothermal systems need to be verified because the typical pattern of heat source and alteration clays are missing so that conventional exploration with magnetotelluric surveys might not provide sufficient data to delineate favorable settings for drilling. We present field geological, structural and geomorphological evidence combined with mapping of geothermal manifestations to allow constraints between fault dynamics and geothermal activity in the Tarutung Basin in north central Sumatra. Our results indicate that the fault pattern in the Tarutung Basin is generated by a compressional stress direction acting at a high angle to the right-lateral Sumatra Fault System. NW–SE striking normal faults possibly related to negative flower structures and NNW-SSE to NNE-SSW oriented dilative Riedel shears are preferential fluid pathways whereas ENE–WSW striking faults act as barriers in this system. The dominant of geothermal manifestations at the eastern part of the basin indicates local extension due to clockwise block rotation in the Sumatra Fault System. Our results support the effort to integrate detailed field geological surveys to refined exploration strategies even in tropical areas where outcrops are limited.     

冷空气对台风“海葵”(1211)倒槽特大暴雨作用分析

针对2012年8月10日发生在台风"海葵"(1211)减弱低压倒槽顶部的特大暴雨过程,利用加密自动气象站、卫星云图、NCEP再分析资料,结合中尺度数值模式的模拟结果,分析了这次特大暴雨期间的中尺度对流系统演变特征及形成机理。研究表明,东北冷涡后部南下的冷空气为特大暴雨的发生提供了有利的热动力条件,促进了降水的发展。冷空气主体偏北,仅从对流层中层侵入低压倒槽北部,而对流层低层并无明显冷空气影响,使暴雨区上空形成冷平流叠置于暖平流之上的温度平流垂直分布结构,促进这一地区对流不稳定层结的建立和发展。冷空气与低压倒槽内辐合上升的暖湿空气对峙于对流层中层,引起中层锋生,锋生效应使风场辐合加强,进一步促进锋生。两者相互作用促进暴雨区及附近的中小尺度对流系统发展,在暴雨区上空强迫出一支对流尺度的强上升气流,加强低层水汽向上输送,使暴雨区上空水汽辐合层迅速增厚,从而引发局地特大暴雨天气发生。     

浑江断裂带及水系的分形特征和构造活动性研究

应用分开有几何学方法对浑江断裂带及水系进行了分形特征研究。计算结果表明，浑江断裂带具有较强的活动性，而且次级NNE向断层比NE和NW向断层活动性更强，结合地震活动属于 质地貌，构造应力场等方面的分析。探讨了该断裂带的活动性及区域新构造运动特征。     

俯冲板片形貌特征和活动大陆边缘演化体制的关系

当大洋板块向大陆板块下俯冲时,上覆板块的边缘可以以沟—弧—盆体制发育,也可以不发育弧后拉伸盆地．为什么同属上覆板块边缘但可以这二种完全不同的体制演化是现代地球科学研究的一个热点．本文在查阅大量最新文献的基础上认为造成这二种不同演化体制除了与俯冲作用的年代学特征有关外还可能主要与俯冲板片的形貌不同所导致局部地幔对流方式不一有关．由于俯冲的倾角,俯冲达到的最大深度以及俯冲板片在６７０ｋｍ上下地幔过渡带处保存的形态等因素不同,造成仰冲板块边缘之下软流圈对流方式不一．从而,造成弧体近陆一侧是否将发生岩石圈拉伸的动力学过程．     

CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ACTIVITIES VARYING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FIELDS OF MID- AND LOWER- LATITUDES

1INTRODUCTIONTropicalcyclones(tobedesignatedTChereafter)actwithsignificantlatitudinaldifference[1],someofwhichhavebeenwelldocumented.Forinstance,TCisavortexsystemthatformsandmaintainswiththesupportofsomeextentofCoriolisforce,whichisweakinareasneartheequator(southof4N)andenableslittleTCactivity[2].AsTCismainlysuppliedbylatentheating,higherSSTissuretobeadvantageoustothegenerationanddevelopmentofTC;thesummertimeSSTdecreaseswithincreasinglatitudeinthenorthwesternPacific[3],beingnear26.…     

9015号台风登陆后其周围的若干中尺度特征

利用加密观测资料详细分析了登陆并穿过浙江省的９０１５号台风所造成的风雨分布及其变化与台风周围的一些中尺度特征以及地形作用的关系。分析表明：台风登陆后气压眼与风眼存在偏高，这种偏离状况是与风雨强度相对应的。此外，在台风登陆后不久，由于入流增强，中心眼区范围内降雨会突然增强；台风造成的雨区成带状分布，带宽约４０─６０ｋｍ，间隔为３０─１００ｋｍ，雨带内主要雨团相对于台风中心的移动轨迹大都呈顺时针旋转；较强的风雨区往往出现在台风周围的中尺度低压和中尺度涡旋及辐合线附近，前者易在倒槽内生成，后者则与地形影响有关。     

Comparison of the four catalogues by pairs,the Hipparcos,new Hipparcos,EOC‐2 and IL,by using μδ for the common 1120 stars

We present comparison results of our Independent Latitude (IL) catalogue of μ_δ determinations for 1120 bright stars with the Hipparcos, new Hipparcos and Earth Orientation Catalogue (EOC‐2) values. Also, we took into consideration the EOC3 and EOC4 (recent versions of EOC catalogues). Our μ_δ values are based on zenith telescope observations from seven Independent Latitude (IL) observatories. The IL measures are spanning a time baseline of up to 90 years which is the key advantage to the accurate determination of μ_δ. The short interval of the Hipparcos satellite observations is a disadvantage for a good accuracy of stellar proper motion, especially in the case of double and multiple stars. For this reason many astrometric catalogues have appeared after the publication of the Hipparcos including our IL catalogue. These catalogues are an appropriate combination of the Hipparcos satellite and ground‐based data which yields more accurate stellar coordinates and/or their proper motions. Among various types of ground‐based observations the latitude and universal time variations obtained from several million observations of stars reduced to the Hipparcos reference system were used for this purpose. These observations were obtained during almost the entire last century and were originally used to determine the Earth Orientation Parameters. It is also possible to use these data in the inverse task of checking the accuracy of stellar coordinates and/or their proper motions listed in the Hipparcos Catalogue. Such latitude and universal time variations data are the basis of the EOC and IL catalogues. In this paper, we computed the differences in μ_δ values between pairs of catalogues and analyzed the results to characterize the μ_δ errors for the four catalogues with a special focus on our IL catalogue. The standard errors of μ_δ for IL stars observed over more than 20 years are mostly smaller than or equal to the Hipparcos errors, and close to the accuracy level of the EOC‐2 (EOC‐3, EOC‐4) and the new Hipparcos. The resulting investigations of errors of differences of μ_δ, show that all four catalogues have relatively small random and systematic errors which are close to each other meaning that the corresponding μ_δ values have a high accuracy. Our sample also contains detected double and multiple stars for which the effects of the orbital and proper motions are difficult to separate. The differences of μ_δ values for these stars generally exceed those obtained for single stars. Also, these discrepancies could be attributed to effect of possible, still unrecognized, astrometric binaries. These investigations about the proper motions and double stars are in line with the activity of the IAU Working Group on Astrometry by Small Ground‐Based Telescopes. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Preliminary results of the spectral analysis of Suzaku data of SW Ursae Majoris and BZ Ursae Majoris

Herein, we present the preliminary results of the spectral analysis of the Suzaku data of SW Ursae Majoris (SW UMa) and BZ Ursae Majoris (BZ UMa) which were obtained in their quiescent states. The aim of this study was to analyse 0.5–6.0 keV energy range X-ray photons of the Suzaku satellite and to determine their emission mechanisms and the areas where they were radiated from these two dwarf novae. No study on this energy range for BZ UMa has been reported in the literature. We analysed the Suzaku data in the (0.5–6.0) keV and in (0.5–2.5) keV energy bands of the systems separatelly to search for possible differences between the emission mechanisms in the energy ranges; however, none were found. We obtained the best-fitted spectral models, flux, luminosity, temperature and mass accretion rate values for the systems. The white dwarf radius of BZ UMa, which has not been reported in the literature, was found to be 6.88 × 10⁸ cm. From this study, we concluded that the mass accretion rate values for both systems were lower than the critical mass accretion rate value in the boundary layers of cataclysmic variables, which indicates that the boundary layers are composed of optically thin thermal X-ray emitting gas in their quiescent state; these results support those of previous studies regarding SW UMa and some studies regarding BZ UMa. Another result was that there can be a coronal structure above the boundary layer which act as soft X-ray emitter for SW UMa.     

Uncertainty analysis of remote sensing of colored dissolved organic matter: Evaluations and comparisons for three rivers in North America

The uncertainties involved in remote sensing inversion of CDOM (Colored Dissolved Organic Matter) were analyzed in estuarine and coastal regions of three North American rivers: Mississippi, Hudson, and Neponset. Water optical and biogeochemical properties, including CDOM absorption and above-surface spectra, were collected in very high resolution. CDOM’s concentrations (a_g(440), absorption coefficient at 440 nm) were inverted from EO-1 Hyperion images, using a quasi-analytical algorithm for CDOM (QAA-CDOM). Uncertainties are classified to five levels, in which the underwater measurement uncertainty (level 1), image preprocessing uncertainty (level 4) and inverse model uncertainty (level 5) were evaluated. Results indicate that at level 1, in situ CDOM measurement is significant with 0.1 in the unit of QSU and 0.01 in the unit of a_g(440) (m⁻¹). At level 4, surface wave is a potential uncertainty source for high-resolution images in estuarine and coastal regions. The remote sensing reflectance of wavy water is about 10 times of the truth. At level 5, the overall uncertainty of QAA-CDOM inversion is 0.006 m⁻¹, with accuracy R² = 0.77, k = 1.1 and RMSE_log = 0.33 m⁻¹. The correlations between uncertainties and other water properties indicate that the large uncertainty in some rivers, such as the Neponset and Atchafalaya, might be caused by high-concentration chlorophyll or sediments. The relationships among the three level uncertainties show that the level 1 uncertainty generally does not propagate into level 4 and 5, but the large uncertainty at level 4 usually introduce large uncertainty at level 5.