解决污水快速渗滤土地处理系统占地突出的新方法

根据污水快速渗滤土地处理系统的主要特点和局限 ,针对该系统占地突出这一问题 ,提出了通过采用人工填料 ,提高水力负荷 ,加快污水在系统中的渗透速度 ,从而减小系统占地面积的新方法。对随水力负荷的提高使系统可能产生的出水水质变差、介质堵塞以及投资费用增高等问题进行了分析 ,并且对在涿州进行的现场小型工程的试验进行了验证。得出结论认为改进的人工构建快速渗滤系统切实可行。     

预应力锚索在单桩竖向静载试验中的应用

在狭窄场地上进行大吨位单桩竖向静载试验时,需要解决的问题是在试验设备受场地限制无法增加的情况下如何提供足够大的反力荷载。根据此次试验场地地层中基岩埋藏丰富且深度较浅的情况,通过采用预应力锚索,进行加载反力装置设计,最终采用十字形加载反力装置,有效地解决了反力荷载不足的问题,从而为类似的试验提供了一种思路和选择。同时,通过对试验中出现的一些问题诸如锚固力、自由段变形等进行深入地分析和研究,提出了有关改进和完善反力装置现方案的建议。     

文13西块油藏岩石形变对采收率影响研究

低渗透、异常高压油藏弹性能量充足,储层欠压实,岩石易发生弹塑性变形。根据这些油藏特性,从达西定律的角度推导出了室内一维岩芯中最终采出程度与岩石物性变化的近似关系式,并引入渗透率变化因子分析采收率的影响因素,进而以文13西块油藏岩石为例,通过不同流体介质的渗透率压敏性试验,以及不同加压方式下渗透率变化试验,结合降压弹性开采试验和水驱物理模拟试验,以渗透率变化因子为基础,分析并讨论该类油藏的开采方法。结果表明：该类油藏在保持较慢降压速度、较高孔隙压力水平时,能够获得较高的油藏采收率。     

外源氮磷负荷比增加对刺苦草（Vallisneria spinulosa）生长的影响

磷(P)是水生态系统生产力的限制因子,因此,在水体富营养化治理的过程中,许多地方采取了有效的措施控制流域P的排放;但氮(N)来源复杂,难以有效控制,导致湖泊外源的N∶P负荷比日益扩大.植物的生长需要合适的N∶P比,因此,外源N∶P负荷比的增加可能会对沉水植物的生长产生影响.采取控制实验,将刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)栽种于塑料桶中,每隔3 d添加1次N、P营养盐,实验设置5个处理,P外源性负荷量固定为4 mg/(m~2·d),N外源性负荷量分别为0、40、80、120、160 mg/(m~2·d).实验周期为80 d.结果显示:随着N∶P负荷比的增加,刺苦草的叶干重、植株总干重、根干重、叶N及总N含量、叶片数、叶P及总P含量等指标基本保持不变或略有增加,单株总根长、根茎长度、块茎干重和无性系小株数目则呈现下降趋势.结果表明:随外源N∶P负荷比的增加,刺苦草个体生长指标总体呈现不变的趋势,但与种群扩张潜力相关的指标如根茎长度、块茎干重和无性系小株数目等则呈现下降趋势;刺苦草体内累积的N随外源N∶P负荷比的增加而增加,但P的累积保持不变.说明N∶P负荷比的增加对刺苦草个体生长影响不大,但对种群扩张不利;刺苦草对P的吸收也并不随N∶P比的增加而改变.     

滇池北部湖湾不同底泥性状对微囊藻复苏影响的模拟

滇池北部福保湾主要承接上游昆明市的生活污水及周边工业污水,其污染程度极为严重.本研究在福保湖湾内设置4个采样点,分别采集了不同区域的沉积物,首次模拟研究了微囊藻(Microcystis)在不同沉积物环境中复苏能力差异,结果表明微囊藻在模拟实验中的复苏能力表现出对不同底质的不同适应性,入口湖区的沉积物对微囊藻的复苏有极强的抑制作用.藻类复苏后达到的最大生物量(以叶绿素a计)分别为东岸对照区的4.7%,西岸对照区的6.6%及吹填区的11.9%,其中微囊藻生物量也远低于其它各样点,占东岸对照、吹填区及西岸对照的比例分别为5.2%、10.3%和19.4%.以上研究暗示了河口处沉积物不适合微囊藻的复苏.福保湾藻类水华的种源贡献应该主要依靠外源性输入,即湖流场和风向所导致的藻类水平迁移贡献远远大于底泥复苏至水体的垂直迁移.     

海洋纤维增强热塑性立管极限承载拉力预测方法

海洋新型纤维增强热塑性立管因其可盘卷、耐腐蚀、耐疲劳和轻质化等优点,在深水油气开发中应用前景十分广阔。热塑性立管具有复合材料的各向异性、受力耦合效应及复杂的本构关系,且承受浮体运动和复杂海洋环境载荷,其失效模式尚未明确。针对轴对称载荷作用下纤维增强热塑性立管极限承载力问题,进行热塑性管稳态热传导和热应力的理论推导,求解了稳态温度和应力分布,首次给出了在任意温度载荷作用下管体径向位移的解析解,并直接求解其径向、轴向、环向和剪切应力。采用各向同性层Von Mises和各向异性层最大应力（Max Stress）准则或Tsai-Hill准则判定热塑性管的失效,基于应力分布、失效准则和二分法计算了热塑性管的极限载荷。温度载荷、纤维铺设角度和径厚比对管道的应力分布影响显著。不同温度载荷会改变失效指数沿径向的变化趋势,增大轴向拉力将增大热塑性管的失效指数,选用不同的失效准则在管体失效判定上存在一定的差异。热塑性管温度越低、纤维铺设角越小及径厚比越大,管道对轴向拉伸载荷的承载能力越强。     

煤体静载破坏微震、电磁辐射及裂纹扩展特征研究

为研究型煤在单轴压缩破裂过程中产生的微震、电磁辐射信号与裂纹演化特征的对应关系,利用自主设计的低噪声静态加载试验系统,对0～0.25、0.25～0.5、0.5～1.0、1～2 mm共4种不同粒度的型煤进行了单轴压缩破坏试验,同步采集了煤样破坏过程中的微震、电磁辐射信号及破坏视频图像,提出了一种煤体裂纹快速提取方法并计算了型煤裂纹面积的变化规律。研究结果表明:型煤在单轴压缩过程中产生的微震、电磁辐射信号及裂纹面积在时域上具有良好的同步性。型煤破坏过程中裂纹面积随时间变化曲线可分为4个阶段。第1阶段为压实阶段,煤样所受应力值较小,其表面的裂纹面积以极为缓慢的速率增加。第2阶段为初始破裂阶段,随着应力的增加和内部弹性势能的积聚,型煤表面裂纹面积的增加速率较压实阶段有明显提高,伴随产生许多细小裂纹。第3阶段为加速破裂阶段,随着应力继续增加以及材料内部积聚弹性能的释放,试样变形过程加速,导致裂纹面积增速进一步增大。第4阶段为卸压阶段,试样的裂纹面积达到最大值,承载能力急剧降低,发生失稳破坏。     

Semi‐analytical solution to one‐dimensional consolidation for unsaturated soils with semi‐permeable drainage boundary under time‐dependent loading

This paper presents semi‐analytical solutions to Fredlund and Hasan's one‐dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with semi‐permeable drainage boundary under time‐dependent loadings. Two variables are introduced to transform two coupled governing equations of pore‐water and pore‐air pressures into an equivalent set of partial differential equations, which are easily solved by the Laplace transform. The pore‐water pressure, pore‐air pressure and settlement are obtained in the Laplace domain. Crump's method is adopted to perform the inverse Laplace transform in order to obtain semi‐analytical solutions in time domain. It is shown that the present solutions are more general and have a good agreement with the existing solutions from literatures. Furthermore, the current solutions can also be degenerated into conventional solutions to one‐dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soils with homogeneous boundaries. Finally, several numerical examples are provided to illustrate consolidation behavior of unsaturated soils under four types of time‐dependent loadings, including instantaneous loading, ramp loading, exponential loading and sinusoidal loading. Parametric studies are illustrated by variations of pore‐air pressure, pore‐water pressure and settlement at different values of the ratio of air–water permeability coefficient, depth and loading parameters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Limitations of suction‐controlled triaxial tests in the characterization of unsaturated soils

Behavior of unsaturated soils is influenced by many factors, and the influences of these factors are usually coupled together. Suction‐controlled triaxial (SCTX) tests are considered to allow researchers to investigate influences of individual variables on unsaturated soils under specified stress path with controls of stresses, pore water, and air pressures. In the past 50 years, SCTX testing method has been established as a standard approach to characterize constitutive behavior of unsaturated soils. Most important concepts for modern unsaturated soil mechanics were developed upon results from the SCTX tests. Among these, one of the most important contributions in the constitutive modeling of elasto‐plastic behavior for unsaturated soils is the Barcelona basic model (BBM) proposed by Alonso et al. in 1990. The BBM successfully explained many features of unsaturated soils and received extensive acceptance. However, the SCTX tests are designed based upon the divide‐and‐conquer approach in which an implicit assumption is used: soil behavior is stress‐path independent. However, it is well‐established that unsaturated soil behavior is elasto‐plastic and stress‐path dependent. It is found that the SCTX tests in fact cannot control the stress path of an unsaturated soil during loading. This incapability, in combination with complicated loading/collapse behavior of unsaturated soils, makes the SCTX tests for characterizing unsaturated soil questionable. This paper discusses the limitations of the SCTX tests in the characterization of unsaturated soils. A possible solution to the problem was proposed based on a newly developed modified state surface approach. The discussions are limited for isotropic conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

联合GPS和GRACE数据分析陕甘宁地区地表垂直形变

采用甘肃省CORS网和中国大陆构造环境监测网络中共48个台站的GPS观测数据，解算得到观测台站的垂直位移，并与GRACE时变重力场Mascon模型解CSR RL05M数据计算得到的垂直形变进行比较，分析区域地表垂直形变特征。结果表明，研究区内台站垂直形变存在局部特征，甘肃庆阳和平凉地区垂直形变与其他地区存在明显差异，相关系数、均方根减少量和周年信号减少量均高于其他地区；扣除趋势项后，观测台站GPS垂直位移与GRACE垂直形变时间序列相关系数均值为0.72，GPS和GRACE周年信号振幅均值分别为6.00 mm和3.70 mm，周年信号减少量和均方根误差减少量均值分别为0.51和0.29；研究区内GPS垂直位移和GRACE垂直形变时间序列一致性较强，GRACE垂直形变能有效解释50%以上的GPS垂直位移周年信号，GPS垂直位移时间序列包含的非构造形变中平均约29%来源于环境负载变化所引起的负荷形变。