西南部分活动断裂面上现今应力状态与断裂失稳变形的关系

本文利用西南地区原地应力测量数据结合测点附近主要活动断裂几何要素、断裂微量位移及其附近M_S≥5.0级地震能量释放等资料进行了综合分析,表明地震能量释放相对偏低、断裂微量位移也相应较小的测区,断裂面τ/σ_n值较高;反之则出现相反的情形。     

烈度分布的几何特征和震源参数的估计

本文在考虑环境刚度效应和非匀阻效应的情况下,采用椭圆形震源简化模型,研究了走滑断层的地震烈度几何要素与震源参数之间的关系,初步建立了估计断层有效发震段长度、错动角、应力降和错动距离等参数的等震线法,并结合唐山、通海、炉霍和永善等震例进行了试算     

直角正交电网络模型上对裂隙和岩溶含水层的模拟

笔者对×水电站库区左岸的渗漏进行了直角正交电网络模拟。圈定了裂隙发育强带及岩溶通道的位置,并用不同比例(对全区1:2000,对裂隙带1:500,对岩溶通道1:125)进行模拟,得出了渗漏量。其结果与实际资料基本吻合。     

Development of Winkler model for static and dynamic response of caisson foundations with soil and interface nonlinearities

As an extension of the elastic multi-spring model developed by the authors in a companion paper [Gerolymos N, Gazetas G. Winkler model for lateral response of rigid caisson foundations in linear soil. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng; 2005 (submitted companion paper).], this paper develops a nonlinear Winkler-spring method for the static, cyclic, and dynamic response of caisson foundations. The nonlinear soil reactions along the circumference and on the base of the caisson are modeled realistically by using suitable couple translational and rotational nonlinear interaction springs and dashpots, which can realistically (even if approximately) model such effects as separation and slippage at the caisson–soil interface, uplift of the caisson base, radiation damping, stiffness and strength degradation with large number of cycles. The method is implemented in a new finite difference time-domain code, NL-CAISSON. An efficient numerical methodology is also developed for calibrating the model parameters using a variety of experimental and analytical data. The necessity for the proposed model arises from the difficulty to predict the large-amplitude dynamic response of caissons up to failure, statically or dynamically. In a subsequent companion paper [Gerolymos N, Gazetas G. Static and dynamic response of massive caisson foundations with soil and interface nonlinearities—validation and results. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng; 2005 (submitted companion paper).], the model is validated against in situ medium-scale static load tests and results of 3D finite element analysis. It is then used to analyse the dynamic response of a laterally loaded caisson considering soil and interface nonlinearities.     

求解潜水含水层剖面二维稳定流问题探讨

本文在对现有求解潜水含水层剖面二维流的多种方法及其特点进行分析的基础上,探讨新的求解方法.提出的方法只需进行一次网格剖分,在网格节点编号保持不变的情况下,把潜水面与单元相交的形状概化为五边形、任意四边形和三角形,按五边形、任意四边形和三角形子程序准确地求出潜水面穿越的单元的渗透矩阵.同时不用计算完全在潜水面之上的单元的渗透矩阵.本文给出具体的思路、算法步骤,计算潜水面的位置,通过比较数值解与解析解,两者虽然存在一定的误差,但是该方法总体结果是比较令人满意的.     

入渗条件下某非饱和土坡稳定性的动态分析

土坡在进行稳定性计算时传统的极限平衡分析方法对于同一土体多采用单一的土体强度参数。近年来,人们致力于土体含水量与抗剪强度之间的关系研究,试验证明不同的含水量下土体的抗剪强度指标有很大变化。在连续的降雨条件下,在土体内部形成渗流改变土体的含水量会引起抗剪强度的变化,随时间和渗入量的不同土坡稳定性将随之改变。基于降雨条件下边坡饱和—非饱和渗流计算,利用土水分离土条自重法计算在不同时刻土坡的动态稳定系数,同时分析潜在滑动面的变化规律。     

露采矿山宕口坡面表面积计算方法探讨

介绍了露采矿山整治中山体坡面表面积的两种计算方法:剖面法和小三角锁法。剖面法是把宕口坡表面分割成无数个小梯形进行计算表面积的一种方法。小三角锁法是通过对宕口坡表面数字化测量,根据测量数据建立数字高程模型,并在表面建立小三角锁,对所有小三角的面积累加得到面积的一种方法。小三角锁法大大提高了计算的准确度和效率。     

Influence of the turbulence closure scheme on the finite-element simulation of the upwelling in the wake of a shallow-water island

A three-dimensional finite-element model is used to investigate the tidal flow around Rattray Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Field measurements and visual observations show both stable eddies developing at rising and falling tide in the wake of the island. The water turbidity suggests intense upwelling able to carry bed sediments upwards. Based on previous numerical studies, it remains unclear at this point whether the most intense upwelling occurs near the centre of the eddies or off the island's tips, closer to the island. All these studies resorted to a very simple turbulence closure, with a zero-equation model whereby the coefficient of vertical viscosity is computed via an algebraic expression. In this work, we aim at studying the influence of the turbulence closure on model results, with emphasis on the prediction of vertical motions. The Mellor and Yamada level 2.5 closure scheme is used and an increase in the intensity of vertical transport is observed. This increase is partly explained by the fact that the Mellor and Yamada model takes into account the hysteresis effect in the time variation of turbulence variables. The influence of the advection of turbulence variables is estimated to be negligible. By a better representation of transient coastal phenomena, the Mellor and Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure improves the model to a significant degree.     

Geometric modelling and object-oriented software concepts applied to a heterogeneous fractured network from the Grimsel rock laboratory

Discrete fracture network simulations are computationally intensive and usually time-consuming to construct and configure. This paper presents a case study with techniques for building a 3D finite element model of an inhomogeneous fracture network for modelling flow and tracer transport, combining deterministic and stochastic information on fracture aperture distributions. The complex intersected fractures represent a challenge for geometrical model design, mesh quality requirements and property allocations. For the integrated and holistic modelling approach, including the application of numerical and analytical simulation techniques, new object-oriented concepts in software engineering are implemented to ensure a resourceful and practicable software environment.