Nonlinear analysis of the three-dimensional datum transformation [conformal group ℂ7(3)]

 The weighted Procrustes algorithm is presented as a very effective tool for solving the three-dimensional datum transformation problem. In particular, the weighted Procrustes algorithm does not require any initial datum parameters for linearization or any iteration procedure. As a closed-form algorithm it only requires the values of Cartesian coordinates in both systems of reference. Where there is some prior information about the variance–covariance matrix of the two sets of Cartesian coordinates, also called pseudo-observations, the weighted Procrustes algorithm is able to incorporate such a quality property of the input data by means of a proper choice of weight matrix. Such a choice is based on a properly designed criterion matrix which is discussed in detail. Thanks to the weighted Procrustes algorithm, the problem of incorporating the stochasticity measures of both systems of coordinates involved in the seven parameter datum transformation problem [conformal group ℂ₇(3)] which is free of linearization and any iterative procedure can be considered to be solved. Illustrative examples are given. Received: 7 January 2002 / Accepted: 9 September 2002 Correspondence to: E. W. Grafarend     

主动变刚度结构的动力卸载效应

本文讨论了主动变刚度结构体系AVS(Active Variable Stiffness)的动力卸载效应。结构体系中的AVS控制器关闭或开启瞬时，结构系统刚度分布发生突变，通常也伴随着对系统的能量输入或输出，使得该瞬时结构体系相应受到—加速度增量作用，此增量的方向与结构加速度方向相反，能有效地抑制结构体系的刚度不变层向刚度突变层的动力卸载。此外，文中分析了AVS控制器闭合或开启引起的结构体系相对于原结构的第i阶自振频率摄动，进而讨论了AVS控制器的开关控制律和结构的自振频率摄动及动力卸载效应的相互关系。理论分析和计算结果表明：在合理的结构变形位置闭合或开启AVS控制器，动力卸载效应对结构体系的不利作用及结构体系的频率特性相对于原结构改变很小。     

伽师强震群区上地壳三维速度层析成像

以伽师强震群为中心布设了一个50km60km范围的三维人工地震透射临时台阵，接收来自不同方位的8次爆破激发产生的地震波；利用所记录到的莫霍界面临界反射P 波、S波走时，采用模型不分块反演技术，重建台阵下方上地壳三维P，S波速度扰动图象，以及vp/vs扰动分布图象；并结合伽师震群的地震活动分布，对该震群的成因进行了分析．结果表明，研究区上地壳存在明显的不均匀性．自12ｋｍ 深度开始，在与震群震中相应的位置上，明显出现沿北北西向的高Ｐ波速度块体，在它的周围为相对低速分布，这种结构上的差异是伽师强震群发生的最直接原因；vp/vs在相同的位置上为高值分布，则表明由于介质相对软弱可能造成震源体抗剪强度下降．这可作为伽师强震群发震特点的一种解释．      

Relationship between land cover and monsoon interannual variations in east Asia

Asian monsoon have multiple forms of variations such as seasonal variation, intra-seasonal variation, interannual variation, etc. The interannual variations have not only yearly variations but also variations among several years. In general, the yearly variations are described with winter temperature and summer precipitation, and the variations among several years are reflected by circulation of ENSO events. In this study, at first, we analyze the relationship between land cover and interannual monsoon variations represented by precipitation changes using Singular Value Decomposition method based on the time series precipitation data and 8km NOAA AVHRR NDVI data covering 1982 to 1993 in east Asia. Furthermore, after confirmation and reclassification of ENSO events which are recognized as the strong signal of several year monsoon variation, using the same time series NDVI data during 1982 to 1993 in east Asia, we make a Principle Component Analysis and analyzed the correlation of the 7th component eigenvectors and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) that indicates the characteristic of ENSO events, and summed up the temporal-spatial distribution features of east Asian land cover’s inter-annual variations that are being driven by changes of ENSO events.     

东亚土地覆盖动态与季风气侯年际变化的关系

以东亚地区 １９８２～１９８９年时间序列降水资料及 ＡＶＨＲＲ ８ ｋｍ ＮＤＶＩ数据为基本数据源，应用地理信息系统技术，分别研究了东亚地区夏季（５－９月）降水及土地覆盖的年际变化，并揭示了研究时间段内各自的变化规律。进一步用奇异值分解（ＳＶＤ）模型方法分析了以降水变化为表征的东亚地区气候年际变化与土地覆盖年际变化之间的关系。     

青藏高原东北部天然地震探测与岩石圈深部特征

为了研究青藏高源东北部块体构造变形的深部驱动机制，笔者对青藏高原东北部的天然地震观测数据进行地震层析反演，并结合同一剖面的接收函数及各向异性结果进行讨论。介绍了ACH方法的基本原理，论述了由于印度板块向北俯冲的强大的持续作用力，造就了NE向俯冲到柴达木盆地之下的昆仑造山带，并发现在巴颜喀拉地体下方壳幔内的仰冲活动。壳幔内的低速体十分显著地出现在阿尼玛卿缝合线以北，深度可达300km。推断该低速体可能与昆仑断裂的深层的剪切作用有关。深部资料显示该区莫霍界面由北向南逐渐加深，这与青藏高原东北部的岩石圈减薄现象一致，而且与印度板块向北运动的远程效应有关。另外，地震层析结果及各向异性分析也支持青藏高原东北部主应力方向转为NE向的观点。     

递归型多业务宽带GEO卫星网络跨层流量控制算法研究

提出了一种递归型多业务跨层流量控制算法。该算法首先将多业务输入的流量控制问题抽象为具有输入端速率控制机制的缓冲区门限优化问题,建立多输入递归型SFM单节点模型MRSFM;确定了反映用户应用层QoS丢包和延时性能要求的系统代价函数,建立了用于跨层流量控制优化模型。在跨层优化模型的基础上,以建立的MRSFM模型为基础,运用IPA方法推导了代价函数相对于优化参数(缓冲区门限)的IPA导数,并利用SA理论进行优化。仿真实验验证了宽带GEO卫星网络跨层流量控制算法的正确性。     

Spacecraft potential control aboard Equator-S as a test for Cluster-II

The payload of Equator-S was complemented by the potential control device (PCD) to stabilise the electric potential of the spacecraft with respect to the ambient plasma. Low potentials are essential for accurate measurements of the thermal plasma. The design of PCD is inherited from instruments for Geotail and Cluster and utilises liquid metal ion sources generating a beam of indium ions at several keV. The set-up of the instrument and its interaction with the plasma instruments on board is presented. When the instrument was switched on during commissioning, unexpectedly high ignition and operating voltages of some ion emitters were observed. An extensive investigation was initiated and the results, which lead to an improved design for Cluster-II, are summarised. The cause of the abnormal behaviour could be linked to surface contamination of some emitters, which will be monitored and cured by on-board procedures in future. The mission operations on Equator-S were not at all affected, because of the high redundancy built into the instrument so that a sufficient number of perfectly operating emitters were available and were turned on routinely throughout the mission. Observations of the effect of spacecraft potential control on the plasma remained limited to just one event on January 8, 1998, which is analysed in detail. It is concluded that the ion beam lead to the predicted improvement of the particle measurements even outside the low density regions of the magnetosphere where the effect of spacecraft potential control would have been much more pronounced, and that the similar instruments for the four Cluster-II spacecraft to be launched in 2000 will be very important to ensure accurate plasma data from this mission.     

Linearized amplitude variation with offset and azimuth and anisotropic poroelasticity

The normal-to-shear weakness ratio is commonly used as a fracture fluid indicator, but it depends not only on the fluid types but also on the fracture intensity and internal architecture. Amplitude variation with offset and azimuth is commonly used to perform the fluid identification and fracture characterization in fractured porous rocks. We demonstrate a direct inversion approach to utilize the observable azimuthal data to estimate the decoupled fluid (fluid/porosity term) and fracture (normal and shear weaknesses) parameters instead of the calculation of normal-to-shear weakness ratio to help reduce the uncertainties in fracture characterization and fluid identification of a gas-saturated porous medium permeated by a single set of parallel vertical fractures. Based on the anisotropic poroelasticity and perturbation theory, we first derive a linearized amplitude versus offset and azimuth approximation using the scattering function to decouple the fluid indicator and fracture parameters. Incorporating Bayes formula and convolution theory, we propose a feasible direct inversion approach in a Bayesian framework to obtain the direct estimations of model parameters, in which Cauchy and Gaussian distribution are used for the a priori information of model parameters and the likelihood function, respectively. We finally use the non-linear iteratively reweighted least squares to solve the maximum a posteriori solutions of model parameters. The synthetic examples containing a moderate noise demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, and the real data illustrates the stabilities of estimated fluid indicator and dry fracture parameters in gas-saturated fractured porous rocks.