Viscosity measurements of hydrous rhyolitic melts using the fiber elongation method

We have devised a new, simple and easy technique to measure the viscosity of hydrous silicate melts by combining an autoclave for melt hydration and the fiber elongation method for viscosity measurement. Using this, we measured the viscosity of hydrous rhyolitic melts whose water content ranges from 0.02 to 0.58 wt%. We observed a drastic decrease in viscosity against water content: 0.1 wt% water decreases the viscosity about an order of magnitude. Even when the water content is only 0.02 wt%, the viscosity decreased about half an order of magnitude. These results clearly demonstrate that the effect of water on viscosity should not be ignored even when it occurs as a trace constituent. We compared our experimental data with those derived from a non-Arrhenian viscosity model, which is considered to be applicable to calc-alkaline samples. This model succeeded in expressing the viscosity variation against water content but was unable to accurately predict the measured viscosity of liquids.Editorial responsibility: D. Dingwell     

氧同位素分析方法—BrF5法的实验研究

通过真空度、湿度、氧产额和反应温度等影响条件的研究，研制出氧化物、硅酸盐类矿物五氟化溴氧同位素分离方法，用该方法测定的氧同位素组成，精度和准确度均在国际允许分析误差范围内。     

Shear modulus and damping ratio of grouted sand

An experimental comparative study of three different grouted sands in terms of their effects on the values of two dynamic properties is presented. The dynamic properties studied are the shear modulus and the damping ratio which are determined with resonant column tests and cyclic triaxial tests. The behaviour of a pure Fontainebleau sand is compared with the behaviour of a Fontainebleau sand grouted with a silicate grout, a micro-fine cement grout and a mineral grout. The effects of the grouting treatment, the type of grout, the confining pressure, and the strains, on the shear modulus and the damping ratio are studied. The test results have shown that grouting improves the stiffness of the sand especially for small strains. Whatever the type of material, confining stress improves the shear modulus whereas it has a negligible effect on the damping ratio. When strain increases, the shear modulus decreases and the damping ratio increases.     

粤东五华河流域的化学风化与CO2吸收

基于对粤东五华河干流和支流水体的物理、化学组成测试数据,应用质量平衡法和相关分析法探讨湿热山地丘陵地区岩石化学风化过程对大气CO₂的吸收.结果表明:五华河水体的总溶解性固体含量(77.11 mg/L)接近于世界河流的平均值(65 mg/L);离子组成以Ca²⁺、Na⁺和HCO₃^-为主,可溶性Si次之.五华河流域化学径流组成主要源自硅酸盐矿物化学风化过程的贡献,碳酸盐矿物的贡献较少;大气和土壤CO₂是流域内岩石化学风化的主要侵蚀介质.与同一气候带其他河流相比较,五华河流域岩石化学风化过程对大气CO₂的吸收通量(2.14×105mol/(km²·a))较低,这主要是由于流域内缺乏碳酸盐岩所导致.     

Hydrochemical framework of groundwater in the Ankobra Basin,Ghana

Hydrochemical and stable isotope (¹⁸O and ²H) analyses of groundwater samples were used to establish the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the Ankobra Basin. The groundwater was generally mildly acidic, low in conductivity and undersaturated with respect to carbonate phases. Major ions except bicarbonate were low and dissolved silica was moderately high. Silicate minerals weathering is probably the main process through which major ions enter the groundwater. Groundwater samples clustered tightly along the Global Meteoric Water Line suggesting integrative, smooth and rapid recharge from meteoric origin. The majority of the boreholes and a few hand dug wells cluster towards the Ca–Mg–HCO₃ dominant section of the phase diagram, in conformity with the active recharge and short residence time shown by the isotope data. Aluminium, arsenic, manganese, iron and mercury were the only trace metals analysed with concentrations significantly above their respective detection limits. Approximately 20%, 5%, 40% and 25% respectively of boreholes had aluminium, arsenic, iron and manganese concentrations exceeding the respective WHO maximum acceptable limits for drinking water. The relatively large percentage of boreholes with high concentration of aluminium reflects the acidic nature of the groundwater.     

Sr fluxes and Sr/Sr characterization of river waters from a karstic versus granitic watershed in the Yangtze River

The watershed in the southern Jiangxi Province (Jiangxi Province is called simply Gan) (SGW) and the watershed in the central Guizhou Province (Guizhou Province is called simply Qian) (CQW) are two subtropical watersheds of the Yangtze River in China. Both watersheds have similar latitudes and climate, but distinct differences in basin lithology. These similarities and differences provide a good natural laboratory in which to investigate weathering processes and Sr end-members in river waters. This work aims to identify and contrast the sources, fluxes and controls on Sr isotopic composition in the river waters of these two areas. Results showed that the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the SGW waters ranged from 0.716501 to 0.724931, with dissolved Sr averaging 27 μg l^− 1. Rhyolites and granites are two major sources for the dissolved Sr. The SGW waters receive 42% of their Sr from silicates weathering, 32% from carbonates and 3.2% from evaporites. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the CQW waters has a lesser variation from 0.707694 to 0.710039, but higher Sr contents (average of 208 μg l^− 1). Dolomite, limestone and dolomitic limestone are major sources of Sr in the waters. The CQW waters receive 69% of their Sr from carbonates, 1.7% from silicates and 0.9% from evaporites. The chemical erosion rate and Sr flux in the CQW are 122 t km^− 2 a^− 1 and 0.079 t km^− 2 a^− 1, respectively, which are higher than those of the SGW (56 t km^− 2 a^− 1 and 0.021 t km^− 2 a^− 1, respectively). These data suggest that the intensive carbonates weathering occurred in the karstic area in the upper-reach of the Yangtze River exert great influence on the high Sr concentration and low Sr isotopic ratios in the River.     

湖北峡东地区“盖帽碳酸盐岩”中燧石条带的地球化学特征及其古环境意义

湖北峡东地区新元古代陡山沱组一段的“盖帽碳酸盐岩”中发育有保存良好,与白云岩界线截然,顺层产出的燧石条带.利用硅酸盐的BrF5硅氧同位素分析方法对燧石条带进行测试,得到较高的硅同位素(δ30SiNBS-28为0.4‰～1.7‰)和氧同位素(δ18OV-SMOW为24.‰～26.6‰)组成.燧石条带可能为温暖的滨海相化学沉积产物,氧同位素测温得到的沉积海水温度为35.4～47.7℃.燧石条带的Al/(Fe+Mn+ Al)为0.43～0.50,Si/Al比值为257～269,表明燧石条带形成过程中有少量的陆源物质参与,而较低的∑REE(2.19×10-6～3.59×10-6),Ce正异常(1.20～1.24)和U/Th比值(3.75～14.45)上则明显带有热水沉积的特征.燧石条带的硅质可能主要来自远源火山热液活动,在温暖的滨海环境达到硅质饱和而形成的化学沉积,同时验证了早期研究者认为的“雪球事件”冰后期环境温度曾一度极为温暖的猜想.     

Tracing effects of decalcification on solute sources in a shallow groundwater aquifer, NW Germany

δ⁸⁷Sr values and Ca/Sr ratios were employed to quantify solute inputs from atmospheric and lithogenic sources to a catchment in NW Germany. The aquifer consists primarily of unconsolidated Pleistocene eolian and fluviatile deposits predominated by >90% quartz sand. Accessory minerals include feldspar, glauconite, and mica, as well as disperse calcium carbonate in deeper levels. Decalcification of near-surface sediment induces groundwater pH values up to 4.4 that lead to enhanced silicate weathering. Consequently, low mineralized Ca–Na–Cl- and Ca–Cl-groundwater types are common in shallow depths, while in deeper located calcareous sediment Ca–HCO₃-type groundwater prevails. δ⁸⁷Sr values and Ca/Sr ratios of the dissolved pool range from 7.3 to −2.6 and 88 to 493, respectively. Positive δ⁸⁷Sr values and low Ca/Sr ratios indicate enhanced feldspar dissolution in shallow depths of less than 20 m below soil surface (BSS), while equilibrium with calcite governs negative δ⁸⁷Sr values and elevated Ca/Sr ratios in deep groundwater (>30 m BSS). Both positive and negative δ⁸⁷Sr values are evolved in intermediate depths (20–30 m BSS). For groundwater that is undersaturated with respect to calcite, atmospheric supplies range from 4% to 20%, while feldspar-weathering accounts for 8–26% and calcium carbonate for 62–90% of dissolved Sr²⁺. In contrast, more than 95% of Sr²⁺ is derived by calcium carbonate and less than 5% by feldspar dissolution in Ca–HCO₃-type groundwater. The surprisingly high content of carbonate-derived Sr²⁺ in groundwater of the decalcified portion of the aquifer may account for considerable contributions from Ca-containing fertilizers. Complementary tritium analyses show that equilibrium with calcite is restricted to old groundwater sources.