Classification of seismic signals at Villarrica volcano (Chile) using neural networks and genetic algorithms

Each volcano has its own unique seismic activity. The aim of this work is to construct a system able to classify seismic signals for the Villarrica volcano, one of the most active volcanoes in South America. Since seismic signals are the result of particular processes inside the volcano's structure, they can be used to forecast volcanic activity. This paper describes the different kinds of seismic signals recorded at the Villarrica volcano and their significance. Three kind of signals were considered as most representative of this volcano's activity: the long-period, the tremor, and the energetic tremor signals. A classifier is implemented to read the seismic registers at 30-second intervals, extract the most relevant features of each interval, and classify them into one of the three kinds of signals considered as most representative of this particular volcano. To do so, 1033 different kinds of 30-s signals were extracted and classified by a human expert. A feature extraction process was applied to obtain the main characteristics of each of them. This process was developed using criteria which have been shown by others to effectively classify seismic signals, based on the experience of a human expert. The classifier was implemented with a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network whose architecture and training process were optimized by means of a genetic algorithm. This technique searched for the most adequate MLP configuration to improve the classification performance, optimizing the number of hidden neurons, the transfer functions of the neurons, and the training algorithm. The optimization process also performed a feature selection to reduce the number of signal features, optimizing the number of network inputs. The results show that the optimized classifier reaches more than 93% exactitude. identifying the signals of each kind. The amplitude of the signals is the most important feature for its classification, followed by its frequency content. The described methodology can be used to classify more seismic signals to improve the study of the activity of this volcano or to extend the study to other active volcanoes of the region.     

A bivariate pareto model for drought

Univariate Pareto distributions have been so widely used in hydrology. It seems however that bivariate or multivariate Pareto distributions have not yet found applications in hydrology, especially with respect to drought. In this note, a drought application is described by assuming a bivariate Pareto model for the joint distribution drought durations and drought severity in the State of Nebraska. Based on this model, exact distributions are derived for the inter arrival time, magnitude and the proportion of droughts. Estimates of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 year return periods are derived for the three variables, drought duration, drought severity and the pairwise combinations: (drought duration, drought severity), (inter arrival time of drought, proportion of drought) and (drought duration, drought magnitude). These return period estimates could have an important role in hydrology, for example, with respect to measures of vegetation water stress for plants in water-controlled ecosystems.     

An indication of the soil topmost layer response in Quito (Ecuador) using noise H/V spectral ratio

H/V noise spectral ratio (HVSR), standard spectral ratio (SSR), and receiver functions (RF) techniques have been used in the Quito (Ecuador) urban area to estimate the frequency dependence of soil response. Two amplified frequencies obtained by the HVSR method appear on about 60 sites. Taking into account the most amplified frequency rather than considering only the first amplified frequency, generally associated with the fundamental frequency, we find that iso-frequency curves tightly fit the surface geology. The second amplified frequency is interpreted as the fundamental frequency of the soft thin topmost layer, which in some cases amplifies the surface ground motion more than the rest of the soil column. This hypothesis is further supported by the results provided from the SSR and RF studies at a station located on top of a solid waste landfill, and by a study of known thickness of a waste landfill, using the HVSR method.     

江苏地磁加卸载响应比的异常标志体系

应用曾小苹等人提出的地磁加卸载响应比法,研究了江苏地磁台网1983~1997年的加卸载响应比异常及其间台网内和网缘附近M_s4.6以上地震之间的关系,提出了适用于江苏地磁台网分析预报的标志体系,并对其内检预报效能进行了评价。     

华北地区强震前的信号震及其预测意义

根据对华北地区1970年以来M_S≥6地震以前中小地震活动空间图像变化特征的分析, 研究了“信号震”发生的时空特征及其地震活动背景, 由“场-源”关系特征对一般地震进行严格的筛选识别, 从而得出信号震的有关预测指标。 信号震一般发生在强震前的2年之内, 多数发生在15个月内; 信号震与强震的距离不超过200 km, 多数在100 km之内; 震级强度一般为M_L4.0～5.3。 信号震一般发生在局部的M_L≥4.0地震平静区内, 一般发生在中小地震条带上或条带附近, 在其周围或附近存在中小地震空区。 检验结果表明, 信号震发生后的9个月之内, 其预测概率P_t即超过0.5, R_t值达到0.27; 预测区域半径在距信号震震中100 km之内时, 其发生概率P_d可以达到0.73; 预测强震震级一般为M_S≥6.0。 研究表明, 信号震的环境应力值τ₀明显高于其他地震, 显示了高应力背景的异常显著性, 它所辐射的地震波中很可能含有未来强震孕震区的大量的本质性信息。     

Local Similarity Relationships of Non-Dimensional Wind and Temperature Gradient in the Tower-Layer Atmosphere over Beijing City

Micrometeorological data for wind and temperature from a 325 m high tower in Beijing City are analyzed by use of local similarity theory. Non-dimensional wind and temperature gradients, Фm and Фh, are determined by three techniques called, respectively, eddy-correlation, mean profiles and inertia-subrange cospectra (ISC) method for a wide range of atmospheric stratification from unstable to stable conditions. Average dissipation rate Фε of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is evaluated from u-spectrum, as a quantity required in the last technique. Ratio of the eddy transfer coefficients. α (= Kh / Km,), is calculated from Фm and Фh estimations. The results from various techniques are compared with each other and with some available empirical results in the tower-layer. It is shown that the empirical relationships determined by mean profiles and ISC methods in the tower-layer turbulence are in agreement with each other and with some other results.     

利用地下流体氦同位素比值估算大陆壳幔热流比例

地下流体中的氦同位素 3He来自地幔的排气作用 ,4He则是铀、钍衰变的产物 .由于铀、钍元素在大陆地壳中富集 ,4He通量与地壳热流呈正相关关系 ;同时 3He通量与地幔热流之间呈正相关 .所以地下流体的氦同位素比值 （3He / 4 He）与大陆壳幔热流比值 （qc/qm）呈反相关关系 .根据欧亚大陆和加拿大地盾的地下流体氦同位素比值数据和相应的壳幔热流比值数据 ,统计出 qc/ qm 与 3He / 4 He之间的回归关系 :qc/ qm =0 81 5- 0 30 0ln（3He / 4 He） ;此处 3He/ 4 He的单位是RA（大气的 3He/ 4 He比值 ） .有了地表热流值和壳幔热流比值即可得到地壳热流和地幔热流 .利用该公式以及热流值估算了中国主要盆地的壳幔热流值 ;根据这些数值得出的热岩石圈厚度和地壳平均生热率结果与地震学研究成果一致 .氦同位素比值是区分大陆热流中地壳热流值和地幔热流值的有用参数 .     

华北文安-蔚县-察哈尔右翼中旗剖面S波资料的地质解释

通过对文安—蔚县—察哈尔右翼中旗深地震测深剖面S波资料的处理解释 ,获得本区二维壳幔速度结构和波速比结构。该区的上、中地壳主要由花岗岩组成 ,整体呈脆性 ,其速度比γ值为 1 72左右 ;下地壳的γ值一般为 1 78;上地幔顶部的γ值在 1 82左右 ,表明下地壳与上地幔顶部整体呈塑性的特征。根据波组及γ值横向变化特征 ,推断了该区的几条深大断裂 ,结合本地区的地震活动 ,推测地震的孕育发生不仅与构造相关 ,而且与该区的岩石性质有关     

频率域2.5-D井间波形层析成像及其实际应用

从频率域3-D声波波动方程出发,结合井间观测方式的特点,基于Tarantola广义反演理论,提出了一种频率域2.5-D井间波形层析成像方法.数值模型试验结果表明：该方法对薄层厚度的分辨能力能达到约主频波长的1/4,且分辨率显著高于走时层析成像,尤其垂直分辨率有实质改善.模拟资料的抗噪试验表明：在信噪比为0.8的情况下,随机噪声对波形层析成像的影响较小;而相干噪声对全波形层析成像的影响显著,特别是初至波附近的强振幅干扰影响更为严重.井间实际资料的试处理结果表明：波形层析成像能很好地刻画井间介质的分布情况与储层连通性,对于油藏开发阶段的方案实施具有指导意义.