信号隔离技术在海洋仪器中的应用

信号隔离可保证多参数仪器在海洋现场测试中不会受到外界干扰及各参数之间干扰,对整个系统的正常工作非常重要。ISO124是美国Burr-Brown公司生产的隔离放大器,论文介绍其工作原理及其在海水负二价硫传感器中的应用。     

An effective data processing flow for the acoustic reflection image logging

Recent studies have revealed the great potential of acoustic reflection logging in detecting near borehole fractures and vugs. The new design of acoustic reflection imaging tool with a closest spacing of 10.6m and a certain degree of phase steering makes it easier to extract the reflection signals from the borehole mode waves. For field applications of the tool, we had developed the corresponding processing software: Acoustic Reflection Imaging. In this paper, we have further developed an effective data processing flow by employing multi‐scale slowness‐time‐coherence for reflection wave extraction and incorporating reverse time migration for imaging complicated subtle structures with the strong effects of borehole environment. Applications of the processing flow to synthetic data of acoustic reflection logging in a fractured formation model and interface model with fluid filled borehole generated by 2D finite difference method, and to the physical modelling data from a laboratory water tank, as well as to the field data from two wells in a western Chinese oil field, demonstrate the validity and capability of our multi‐scale slowness‐time‐coherence and reverse time migration algorithms.     

基于Curvelet变换的探地雷达资料噪声衰减方法

噪声衰减是探地雷达信号处理中的关键问题之一。当探测目标埋藏深度比较浅时,其反射信号与直耦信号和地面回波信号相互重叠,直接影响目标反射波到达时刻的检测及目标的正确定位。针对这个问题,本文提出了一种基于Curvelet变换的噪声衰减方法。通过对理论数值模拟数据和实测数据的处理,以及与平均消去法和二维连续小波该方法处理结果的对比,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。处理结果显示,该方法不仅可以去除背景噪声、同时可以衰减倾斜相关的相干干扰和数据中的随机噪声。与二维连续小波变换方法相比有更高的计算效率。     

基于正交时频原子的地震信号快速匹配追踪

匹配追踪能够根据地震信号自身的特点进行自适应分解,但因计算量巨大使其不能被广泛应用.本文提出了一种正交时频原子快速匹配追踪方法,该方法在迭代分解过程中,充分利用地震信号的局部性特征作为先验信息点,在先验信息点附近采用动态搜索策略寻找最佳匹配时频原子,同时对时频原子进行正交变换,消除了时频原子库中的冗余分量,最终将信号分解为一系列正交时频原子的线性叠加.测试结果表明,该方法不仅保持了匹配追踪的分解精度,而且使计算效率有了质的提高.     

Implementation aspects of eigendecomposition‐based high‐resolution velocity spectra

In this paper, we discuss high‐resolution coherence functions for the estimation of the stacking parameters in seismic signal processing. We focus on the Multiple Signal Classification which uses the eigendecomposition of the seismic data to measure the coherence along stacking curves. This algorithm can outperform the traditional semblance in cases of close or interfering reflections, generating a sharper velocity spectrum. Our main contribution is to propose complexity‐reducing strategies for its implementation to make it a feasible alternative to semblance. First, we show how to compute the multiple signal classification spectrum based on the eigendecomposition of the temporal correlation matrix of the seismic data. This matrix has a lower order than the spatial correlation used by other methods, so computing its eigendecomposition is simpler. Then we show how to compute its coherence measure in terms of the signal subspace of seismic data. This further reduces the computational cost as we now have to compute fewer eigenvectors than those required by the noise subspace currently used in the literature. Furthermore, we show how these eigenvectors can be computed with the low‐complexity power method. As a result of these simplifications, we show that the complexity of computing the multiple signal classification velocity spectrum is only about three times greater than semblance. Also, we propose a new normalization function to deal with the high dynamic range of the velocity spectrum. Numerical examples with synthetic and real seismic data indicate that the proposed approach provides stacking parameters with better resolution than conventional semblance, at an affordable computational cost.     

Signal detectability of marine electromagnetic methods in the exploration of resistive targets

We compare selected marine electromagnetic methods for sensitivity to the presence of relatively thin resistive targets (e.g., hydrocarbons, gas hydrates, fresh groundwater, etc.). The study includes the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method, the recently introduced transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines method, and the novel marine circular electric dipole method, which is still in the stage of theoretical development. The comparison is based on general physical considerations, analytical (mainly asymptotic) analysis, and rigorous one‐dimensional and multidimensional forward modelling. It is shown that transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods represent an alternative to the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method at shallow sea, where the latter becomes less efficient due to the air‐wave phenomenon. Since both former methods are essentially short‐offset time‐domain techniques, they exhibit a much better lateral resolution than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method in both shallow sea and deep sea. The greatest shortcoming of the transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods comes from the difficulties in accurately assembling the transmitter antenna within the marine environment. This makes these methods significantly less practical than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method. Consequently, the controlled‐source electromagnetic method remains the leading marine electromagnetic technique in the exploration of large resistive targets in deep sea. However, exploring laterally small targets in deep sea and both small and large targets in shallow sea might require the use of the less practical transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and/or marine circular electric dipole method as a desirable alternative to the controlled‐source electromagnetic method.     

Phase errors in accelerometer arrays: An analysis based on collocated sensors and FEM

The error properties of arrays of accelerometers were studied on the basis of systematic experiments and analysis of the differences in the recordings of collocated sensors. Four identical tri-axial force-balance accelerometers with common recordings and time stamping, were set at symmetrical positions on a prototype oscillator, a T-type inverted pendulum, and were subject to controlled excitations. Based on Finite Element Modeling (FEM) the response of the oscillator was modeled and there were identified time series of acceleration of different collocated sensors predicted to be identical (“comparable”). The differences of the corresponding “comparable” measurement time series, which are functions only of noise, were found important, indicating that the accelerometer arrays are characterized by significant dynamic noise and not by low-amplitude Gaussian noise, as is widely assumed.Further analysis of time series of accelerometer noise was based on spectral analysis techniques in the frequency and the time domain and on coherence, on filtering and on cross-correlation, as well as on examination of the impact of noise in the drift (errors computation of displacements using double numerical integration).The output of this study is that phase noise (jitter, or phase instability) characterizes accelerometers, as in the case with all other array sensors and sensor networks and this is a main source of dynamic noise. The latter becomes significant especially at the level of sampling interval (0.005 sec in our experiments), characterizes strong motions, is not constant and may be regarded as instrument-specific noise. Strategies to overcome this dynamic noise important for the modeling of structural response are discussed.     

基于时变窄带滤波技术提取可控震源扫频信号方法研究

精密主动地震监测为我们主动探测地下介质结构, 并监视其动态变化提供了一条可能的技术途径。 由于精密控制震源释放的能量强度小, 随着传播距离的增加, 信号的快速衰减, 在离震源较远处有用的震源信号被掩盖在很强的噪声中, 这对于震相的识别与走时的拾取精度有着很大的影响。 本文设计了一种时变窄带滤波器进行更为精细的滤波, 期望进一步提高观测数据信噪比, 再结合匹配滤波方法实现主动震源信号的检测与波形变换。 另外, 由于不同震相有一定的到时差, 使用时变窄带滤波器提取一个震相波形信息时, 将压制其他震相的波形信号, 从而实现了震相分离的技术。 仿真计算与实际资料处理显示了该方法在提高观测资料质量、 震相识别分辨率及震相分离方面具有一定的有效性与优越性。 通过对广东省新丰江库区精密可控震源试验数据进行时变窄带滤波方法的处理, 在震中距为200 km左右处的台站记录中检测到主动源信号, 体现了对远台弱信号的提取能力。     

Structural damage detection using empirical-mode decomposition and vector autoregressive moving average model

A method based on empirical-mode decomposition (EMD) and vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) model is proposed for structural damage detection. The basic idea of the method is that the structural damages can be identified as the abrupt changes in energy distribution of structural responses at high frequencies. Using the time-varying VARMA model to represent the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) obtained from the EMD of vibration signal, we define a damage index according to the VARMA coefficients. In the two examples given, the Imperial County Services Building and the Van Nuys hotel are used as the benchmark structures to verify the effectiveness and sensitivity of the damage index in real environments with the presence of actual noise. The analysis results show that the damage index can indicate the occurrence and relative severity of structural damages at multiple locations in an efficient manner. The damage index can also be potentially used for structural health monitoring, since it is based on the time-varying VARMA coefficients. Finally, some recommendations for future research are provided.     

基于递归分析和聚类的大地电磁信噪辨识及分离

为了剖析大地电磁信号和强干扰的本质特征,进一步精细分离出微弱的大地电磁有用信号,提出基于递归分析和聚类的大地电磁信噪辨识及分离方法.首先,运用递归分析法扩展大地电磁一维时间序列的维数,分析了嵌入维数、延迟时间和判别阈值对递归图的性能,并研究了不同长度的序列对递归定量分析参数的影响情况,然后,构建典型的大地电磁强干扰类型和微弱的大地电磁有用信号样本库,针对样本库讨论了强干扰和微弱大地电磁信号之间的递归定量分析参数,分析了K均值聚类和模糊C均值聚类的信噪辨识效果.最后,对实测大地电磁数据进行信噪辨识处理,并仅对辨识为强干扰的时间段采用数学形态滤波进行噪声压制.实验结果表明,递归分析能定性及定量地描述大地电磁信号时间序列的非线性特征和原动力系统的本质规律,与聚类算法相结合能对矿集区实测大地电磁信号进行信噪辨识;处理后的卡尼亚电阻率-相位曲线更为光滑、连续,其结果更为精细地保留了大地电磁信号低频段的缓变化信息,整个低频段的大地电磁数据质量得到了明显改善.