Discussion of ‘Modelling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation’ by Anil K. Chopra and Frank McKenna

This discussion deals with recommendations in the paper on appropriate damping formulations for use in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings. Concern over potentially excessive damping forces and moments should extend beyond the damping moments produced by the stiffness proportional part of Rayleigh damping that corresponds to rotational springs used to explicitly model plastic hinges. The key to an appropriate damping formulation for nonlinear analysis is a realistic mechanism that allows all damping forces and moments to be meaningfully assessed. Then features can be added to keep these forces and moments within reasonable bounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

瑞利阻尼对砂土场地非线性地震响应的影响分析

在地震荷载作用下,自由场地会产生土体侧向变形和地表响应放大现象。由于土体的高度非线性,计算自由场地地震响应时,不同的阻尼比及剪切模量取值是造成其计算结果与试验结果相差较大的原因之一。目前动力计算常采用瑞利阻尼方法,其系数取值会在一定程度上影响计算结果。选用两模态简化瑞利阻尼系数计算方法,分析土体阻尼比及控制频率的取值对计算结果的影响,对比离心机模型试验,利用开源有限元平台OpenSees,采用适合于土体动力分析的多屈服面本构模型(PDMY),建立剪切梁模型模拟三维自由场地,并分析瑞利阻尼参数对自由场地地震响应和侧向变形计算结果的影响。结果表明,针对相对密度为60%的Nevada干砂,阻尼比为4%、控制频率比为5时,场地响应计算结果与试验结果较为符合。综合分析显示场地非线性响应时域计算时,应特别注意选用的瑞利阻尼参数值。     

反应位移法抗震设计中地基弹簧系数取值的探讨

随着城市轨道交通工程抗震性能越来越受到关注,反应位移法作为一种简捷的抗震设计方法被大量应用于地下结构抗震设计中。地基弹簧系数的确定方法是反应位移法抗震设计中最为重要的因素之一,本文选取试验法、李英民法、MIDAS法和有限元法,结合北京典型地层,对比分析这四种方法地基弹簧系数取值对地下结构的弯矩、轴力和剪力的影响规律。结果表明:(1)在反应位移法计算中,地基弹簧系数取值对结构内力响应具有重要影响,对结构轴力和剪力的影响较大,而对于弯矩的影响相对较小;(2)地基弹簧系数获取方法优选试验法,在无地勘资料情况下,经验公式和有限元法可作为备选方法;(3)综合考虑四种不同地基弹簧系数确定方法对结构内力影响程度,为保证结构设计的安全性,可对试验法下结构内力进行系数修正,修正系数建议值为1.10。     

仰坡坡度对隧道洞口段动力响应的影响分析

采用动力有限元数值模拟的方法,设置四种不同仰坡坡度的模型,沿隧道轴向方向输入地震波,探究隧道洞口段及仰坡在不同仰坡坡度影响下的动力响应,并通过对无隧道通过的纯边坡模型与相同条件下有隧道通过的边坡模型的动力响应进行对比分析,研究隧道的存在对坡面动力响应的影响。研究结果表明:(1)由于临空面的存在,隧道洞口段的位移与加速度具有明显的放大效应。不同坡度模型的位移峰值皆位于y=0m断面的拱顶处,在距洞口y=40m后的各控制点位移差值迅速减小。(2)随着仰坡坡度的增加,同一断面处隧道的位移值随之增加,洞口段的截面变形也随之增大。(3)当坡度α≥60°时,坡面位移随着坡面高程的增加而增大;当坡度α60°时,坡面位移随着坡面高程的增加先增大后减小,在0.4~0.6倍坡高处达到最大,即随着坡度的增加,坡面的位移峰值也就越靠近坡顶。(4)隧道的存在对于坡面的稳定性有重要影响,这种影响在洞口附近尤为明显。     

兰州地区剪切波速实测误差分析与评价

为了给兰州乃至西北地区的地震安全性评价和重大工程抗震设计提供参考,在兰州地区选取4个不同类别场地,完成由10家单位参加、使用不同仪器剪切波速现场测试误差专项实验,研究该地区剪切波速实测误差分布规律,讨论测试误差对地表加速度反应谱影响的统计特征,并给出该地区剪切波速测试误差评价。结果表明:兰州地区各单位剪切波速测试误差具有明显规律性,测试误差绝大部分符合标准正态分布,且误差大小不随深度和场地类别而改变;兰州地区波速测试水平优于全国平均水平,Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类场地的剪切波速测试精度较高,偏差较小,其平均标准差可以定为10%;就兰州地区而言,其1倍波速测试标准差引起PGA最大偏差为25%,2倍标准差为50%;给定波速测试误差下反应谱变化程度与输入波形相关,输入波频率成分与场地频率成分接近的地震输入下,误差影响较大,反之则影响较小。     

印尼8.6级地震甘肃地区流体观测资料同震响应分析

2012年4月11日印尼苏门答腊发生8.6级、8.2级地震,我国大量地下流体台站记录到丰富的同震响应现象,甘肃地下流体观测资料也出现不同程度的同震响应。本文分析两次大地震时甘肃地区数字化水位、水温同震变化特征和响应能力,得到大部分井水位的同震响应有较一致的变化规律,且以振荡变化为主,震后较快恢复到原有状态,响应程度也与震级密切相关,即震级越大响应能力越强;由于水温和水位有不同的响应机理,因此水温不遵循这种规律,水温观测只有2个井点记录到同震响应,且记录的幅度基本相当,变化周期较大,恢复时间也较慢。     

Channel response to an extreme flood and sediment pulse in a mixed bedrock and gravel‐bed river

We exploit a natural experiment caused by an extreme flood (~500 year recurrence interval) and sediment pulse derived from more than 2500 concurrent landslides to explore the influence of valley‐scale geomorphic controls on sediment slug evolution and the impact of sediment pulse passage and slug deposition and dispersion on channel stability and channel form. Sediment slug movement is a crucial process that shapes gravel‐bed rivers and alluvial valleys and is an important mechanism of downstream bed material transport. Further, increased bed material transport rates during slug deposition can trigger channel responses including increases in lateral mobility, channel width, and alluvial bar dominance. Pre‐ and post‐flood LiDAR and aerial photographs bracketing the 2007 flood on the Chehalis River in south‐western Washington State, USA, document the channel response with high spatial and temporal definition. The sediment slug behaved as a Gilbert Wave, with both channel aggradation and sequestration of large volumes of material in floodplains of headwaters' reaches and reaches where confined valleys enter into broad alluvial valleys. Differences between the valley form of two separate sub‐basins impacted by the pulse highlight the important role channel and channel‐floodplain connectivity play in governing downstream movement of sediment slug material. Finally, channel response to the extreme flood and sediment pulse illustrate the connection between bed material transport and channel form. Specifically, the channel widened, lateral channel mobility increased, and the proportion of the active channel covered by bars increased in all reaches in the study area. The response scaled tightly with the relative amount of bed material sediment transport through individual reaches, indicating that the amount of morphological change caused by the flood was conditioned by the simultaneous introduction of a sediment pulse to the channel network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear 3D finite element analysis of soil–pile–structure interaction system subjected to horizontal earthquake excitation

The dynamic response of a seismic soil–pile–structure interaction (SSPSI) system is investigated in this paper by conducting nonlinear 3D finite element numerical simulations. Nonlinear behaviors such as non-reflecting boundary condition and soil–pile–structure interaction modeled by the penalty method have been taken into account. An equivalent linear model developed from the ground response analysis and the modified Drucker–Prager model are separately used for soil ground. A comparison of the two models shows that the equivalent linear soil model results in an underestimated acceleration response of the structure under this ground shaking and the soil behavior should be considered as a fully-nonlinear constitutive model in the design process of the SSPSI system. It was also observed that the dynamic response of the system is greatly affected by the nonlinearity of soil–pile interface and is not sensitive to the dilation angle of the soil. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of pile foundations on SSPSI response is also analyzed and discussed.     

2016年1月21日青海门源6.4级地震强震动记录及特征分析

2016年1月21日青海海北州门源县发生6.4级地震,西北强震动台网中心共收集到70组三分向加速度记录。在对强震记录进行常规处理后,给出了207条零基线校正后的三分向峰值加速度值(PGA);统计PGA随震中距衰减趋势,绘制了水平向PGA等值线分布图;选取近场典型台站的加速度记录进行分析,绘制出校正后的加速度、速度和位移时程曲线以及加速度反应谱。这些地震动特征可为我国西部工程震害调查提供重要的参考资料。     

In‐plane and out‐of‐plane behavior of confined masonry walls for various toothing and openings details and prediction of their strength and stiffness

Eight half‐scale brick masonry walls were tested to study two important aspects of confined masonry (CM) walls related to its seismic behavior under in‐plane and out‐of‐plane loads. Four solid wall specimens tested to investigate the role of type of interface between the masonry and tie‐columns, such as toothing varying from none to every course. The other four specimens with openings were tested to study the effectiveness of various strengthening options around opening to mitigate their negative influence. In the set of four walls, one wall was infilled frame while the other three were CM walls of different configurations. The experimental results were further used to determine the accuracy of various existing models in predicting the in‐plane response quantities of CM walls. Confined masonry walls maintained structural integrity even when severely damaged and performed much better than infill frames. No significant effect of toothing details was noticed although toothing at every brick course was preferred for better post‐peak response. For perforated walls, provision of vertical elements along with continuous horizontal bands around openings was more effective in improving the overall response. Several empirical and semi‐empirical equations are available to estimate the lateral strength and stiffness of CM walls, but those including the contribution of longitudinal reinforcement in tie‐columns provided better predictions. The available equations along with reduction factors proposed for infills could not provide good estimates of strength and stiffness for perforated CM walls. However, recently proposed relations correlating strength/stiffness with the degree of confinement provided reasonable predictions for all wall specimens. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.