随机参数扰动方法对中国冬季降水集合预报的影响

降水数值预报有很大的不确定性,与降水预报密切相关的物理过程参数化方案中关键参数的不确定性是降水数值预报误差来源之一,对这些参数引入随机扰动的随机参数扰动方法（Stochastically Perturbed Parameterization,简称SPP方法）可以代表模式降水预报的不确定性,是国际集合预报前沿研究领域。为了认识该方法能否代表中国冬季降水数值预报的不确定性,为业务应用提供科学依据,基于中国气象局中尺度区域集合预报模式（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System-Regional Ensemble Prediciton System,简称GRAPES-REPS）,从对模式降水预报不确定性有较大影响的积云对流、云微物理、边界层及近地面层等四个参数化方案中选取了16个与降水密切相关的关键参数,引入了随机参数扰动方法,并通过2018年12月12日至2019年1月12日总计31天的冬季集合预报试验,对比分析了SPP方法对等压面要素及降水的集合预报效果。结果显示:在冬季应用SPP方法时,等压面要素的概率预报技巧总体来说优于无SPP方法扰动的对比试验,且对于低层、近地面要素的改进效果优于对中高层等压面要素的改进;但对降水概率预报而言,尽管检验评分数值略优于对比预报试验,但并未通过显著性检验,这表明,在东亚冬季风影响下,随机参数扰动方法对中国冬季降水概率预报技巧没有明显的改进。究其原因,可能是由于SPP方法主要代表对流性降水预报的不确定性,而中国冬季降水过程主要与斜压不稳定发生发展有关,模式降水以大尺度格点降水为主,对流性降水较少,故对冬季降水预报改进不明显,这为业务集合预报模式中应用随机参数扰动方法提供了科学依据。     

广西重大锋面暴雨天气过程的特征分析

对1970~2006年汛期(4~9月)发生在广西的重大锋面暴雨天气过程作一系统分析,得出汛期广西重大锋面暴雨过程的月际分布具有明显的"单峰型,"桂北锋面暴雨明显比桂南偏多。高空深槽型是锋面暴雨的主要类型,4~9月都有此型重大锋面暴雨的发生。     

山西地震带中与强震活动有关的两种滑坡

本文以滑波理论为依据，总结了山西地震带的两种不同特点的滑坡。即：振荡式滑坡及触发式滑坡。虽然两种滑坡都可分为变形、解体、滑动、毁灭等四个阶段，但其动力不同。振荡式滑波的滑动面倾角小，因而滑力来源于强震振动，而触发式滑坡的滑动面倾角大，因而滑力来自滑体本身静荷载。对两种滑坡的研究对预防及减轻强震带来的次生灾害有重要的意义。     

引滦工程对滦河三角洲盐水入侵及土壤盐渍化的影响

引滦工程后滦河三角洲水文过程发生很大变化,滦河入海水量骤减河海动力平衡破坏,海洋作用相对增强,滦河口盐度增加,盐水入侵长度增大,三角洲地下水含盐量增高,土壤盐渍化的面积扩大。     

中国东部第四纪自然环境演化及庐山“冰碛层”堆积时期的自然环境研究

根据第四纪地层内孢粉组合和动物群等新资料恢复了我国东部各大区域第四纪各个时期的自然环境特征,其温暖期与干冷期的交替与深海沉积O~(18)温度变化趋势大致对应。庐山三次“冰期冰碛层”内孢粉组合表明均为温暖湿润针阔叶混交林景观,而不是寒冷的冰川环境。     

库车坳陷克拉2气田异常流体压力演化史

根据克拉2气田现今实测地层压力分析了异常高压发育的特征,并通过流体包裹体测试求取包裹体形成时期的古压力。计算结果表明:下白垩统和古近系库姆格列木群砂岩储层在距今8～6Ma(康村组沉积期末)时,古压力系数大致为1.09～1.18,发育过剩压力为4.6～9.6MPa的异常高压。在此基础上,以古、今压力数据为约束条件,利用数值模拟技术定量恢复出下白垩统与侏罗系异常流体压力的演化历史。研究发现:下白垩统储层流体压力经历了沉积型异常流体压力形成发展(白垩纪-库车组沉积期末)和沉积型异常流体压力萎缩—构造挤压型异常流体压力孕育(库车组沉积期末至今)两个阶段。康村组沉积早期沉积型超压开始出现,库车组沉积期末达到顶峰,过剩压力达40～50MPa;此后,在沉积型超压萎缩—构造挤压型超压孕育过程的耦合下,过剩压力曾降至25～30MPa,更新世起超压略有升高。侏罗系流体压力演化较为简单,吉迪克组沉积期开始出现超压,至库车组沉积期末达到高峰,此后异常高压逐渐萎缩。在克拉2气田的主要成藏时期(距今3～1Ma),烃源岩较储层具有更高的异常压力,源—储压力差为10～30MPa。     

ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-LINEAR SOIL RESPONSE AND DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES USING VERTICAL ARRAY DATA IN JAPAN

Non-linear response of the soil is investigated by comparing the spectral ratios (uphole/downhole) using weak and strong motions. Data from seven vertical arrays in Japan are analysed in this study. The frequency-dependent transfer function of soil is calculated as a ratio of the spectrum at uphole to the spectrum at downhole, considering the horizontal component of shear wave. In spectral ratio analysis auto- and cross-spectra are employed. The reduction in the predominant frequency of the transfer function with increases in excitation level reflects the non-linear response of the soil. Results of analysis demonstrate a significant non-linear ground response at six sites with surface PGA exceeding 90 gal. However, the results of one site show the linear response up to 130 gal surface PGA. Furthermore, the in situ strain-dependent soil behaviour is examined through the shear modulus – shear strain relationship. When compared, the actual and laboratory results of the shear strain – shear modulus relationship are in agreement. Additionally, a good consistency between the tendency of reduction in shear modulus ratio with shear strain increases, and reduction of predominant frequency with ground motion increases, confirms the significance of non-linearity in site effects study.     

复平面上广义插值多项式的平均逼近阶

研究了复平面上 ,广义 Hermite-Fejer插值多项式的收敛性。得到了其在空间 lp(| z| =1 ) (0 相似文献   

热液成矿作用的地质地球化学动力学——以胶东牟平-乳山金矿带为例

通过对胶东牟平—乳山热液脉状金,铅锌矿床成矿动力学控制规律的研究,说明了建立热液成矿反应体系的方法,并得出以下认识:（1）区域断裂构造活动,通过影响成矿反应体系的热力学性质和条件,控制元素的富集和分散。（2）热液成矿过程中容矿断裂活动可划分为两种作用方式:脆性破裂和韧—脆性张开,构成热液成矿的两种构造动力学环境。（3）热液成矿反应体系是一种开放的动态的热力学体系。断裂的脆性破裂阶段,使体系处于强烈的过饱和状态,矿质在远离平衡状态下快速结晶,加剧物质分异;在脆—韧性张开阶段,矿质在接近平衡态体系中缓慢晶出。（4）热液演化晚期,金在残余溶液中富集;当断裂再次发生构造脉动震颤时,早期形成的块状黄铁矿矿石碎裂,富金溶液充填其中,形成含裂隙金和晶隙金的富矿石。成矿体系热力学演化与构造动力学条件有利的匹配控制着富矿石的形成。     

Prevalence and distribution of fecal indicator organisms in South Florida beach sand and preliminary assessment of health effects associated with beach sand exposure

Fecal indicator levels in nearshore waters of South Florida are routinely monitored to assess microbial contamination at recreational beaches. However, samples of sand from the surf zone and upper beach are not monitored which is surprising since sand may accumulate and harbor fecal-derived organisms. This study examined the prevalence of fecal indicator organisms in tidally-affected beach sand and in upper beach sand and compared these counts to levels in the water. Since indicator organisms were statistically elevated in sand relative to water, the study also considered the potential health risks associated with beach use and exposure to sand. Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, somatic coliphages, and F(+)-specific coliphages were enumerated from sand and water at three South Florida beaches (Ft. Lauderdale Beach, Hollywood Beach, and Hobie Beach) over a 2-year period. Bacteria were consistently more concentrated in 100g samples of beach sand (2-23 fold in wet sand and 30-460 fold in dry sand) compared to 100ml samples of water. Somatic coliphages were commonly recovered from both sand and water while F(+)-specific coliphages were less commonly detected. Seeding experiments revealed that a single specimen of gull feces significantly influenced enterococci levels in some 3.1m(2) of beach sand. Examination of beach sand on a micro-spatial scale demonstrated that the variation in enterococci density over short distances was considerable. Results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the physical and chemical parameters monitored in this study could only minimally account for the variation observed in indicator densities. A pilot epidemiological study was conducted to examine whether the length of exposure to beach water and sand could be correlated with health risk. Logistic regression analysis results provided preliminary evidence that time spent in the wet sand and time spent in the water were associated with a dose-dependent increase in gastrointestinal illness.