近18 a山东半岛南部海域海面温度的长期变化研究

为探讨山东半岛南部海域海面温度的长期变化,本文利用当前国际上水平分辨率较高的多卫星观测融合数据对2003—2020年间的海面温度进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1)除威海和连云港部分近岸海域外,山东半岛南部大部分海域的海面温度显著升高,升温速率最大值可达0.083℃/a。海面增温存在显著的季节变化,主要出现在春末至秋初(4—9月),且近岸海域强于外海。(2)除青岛外海外,大部分海域的暖季开始日提前,暖季持续时间延长,其中在海州湾和烟台、威海近岸及南部海域最为显著;年最高温度升高,在连云港近海和海州湾、胶州湾等海域较为显著,但其发生日并无显著提前或者延后。(3)冬半年,山东半岛南部近岸海域和部分外海海域有较强的温度锋面,并在过去18年间显著增强。(4)海面温度在冬季的年代际变化与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)相关性较好,但在其他季节与PDO的相关性较弱。     

基于特定序列的长牡蛎视黄酸反应元件预测

视黄酸受体和核受体超家族中的大部分成员对细胞整个分化、增殖过程都具有调控功能。视黄酸受体结合配体后激活,通过结合靶基因启动子区特定的核苷酸序列调控靶基因表达。视黄酸受体结合序列是由核心序列[A/G]G[T/G]TCA间隔不同碱基构成的重复序列,称为视黄酸反应元件。为了实现对长牡蛎基因组中含有的视黄酸反应元件的快速筛选预测,本研究利用Perl工具编写了一个可以批量筛选视黄酸反应元件的脚本,并对长牡蛎基因组中启动子区域序列进行筛选预测,共筛选到412个启动子区含有视黄酸反应元件的基因。随后,将这些基因在各种数据库中比对分析,预测其参与的生物学过程及可能的生物学功能。结果显示,大部分基因与蛋白质结合、核苷酸结合、水解酶活性、蛋白激酶活性等功能有关。     

河口海岸三维水流数值模型中几种垂向坐标模式研究述评

回顾了近年来国内外河口、近岸海域三维斜压水流数值模式研究的进展,着重讨论了不同垂向坐标下三维水流模式的发展状况以及存在的问题。地形拟合坐标(σ坐标)模式可以很好地拟合床面地形和自由面,已在物理海洋学中被广泛使用。但在地形变化剧烈,尤其在密度层结效应明显的海域,σ坐标模式中的水平压强梯度力误差会引起伪密度流。寻求高精度的数值模式以及更加有效的拟合坐标变换将是值得努力的方向。     

Growth and reproduction of the bivalve Spisula subtruncata (da Costa) in Dutch coastal waters

The bivalve Spisula subtruncata is usually abundant in shallow coastal waters along the Dutch coast. However, its biomass has been decreasing since 1995. In order to assess whether reproductive failure may be the cause of the observed decline over the last decades, the energy investment in reproduction of a population of S. subtruncata from central Dutch coastal waters was studied. The population studied consisted of individuals of up to four years old. Shell length reached maximum values of around 32 mm and individual total body, somatic and gonadal ash-free dry mass reached maximum values of about 278 mg AFDM, 252 mg AFDM and 76 mg AFDM, respectively. A clear seasonal cycle in somatic and gonadal mass was observed. Somatic and gonadal mass indices increased in early spring and reached maximum values during summer, followed by a decrease to minimum values at the beginning of the following year. Spawning was in June–July and settlement of spat seems to have occurred in July–August. Mean oocyte diameter was 57.43 ± 0.03 μm, corresponding to a volume of 98972 μm³. These results suggested that reproductive failure was not the cause of the current population decline. Most likely, unsuccessful settlement of spat and/or severe predation during the first months of life were responsible for the observed patterns.     

Geochemical and hydrodynamic constraints on the distribution of trace metal concentrations in the lagoon of Nouméa, New Caledonia

Seawater samples were collected in the lagoon of Nouméa (southwest New Caledonia) along two transects from eutrophic coastal bays to the oligotrophic barrier reef. Land-based emissions to the lagoon were measured with dissolved and particulate concentrations of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), used as tracers of both terrigenous and industrial (Ni ore treatment) activities, as well as dissolved and particulate concentrations of zinc (Zn), used as a tracer of urban effluents. The spatial variability of metal concentrations was related to geochemical and hydrodynamic conditions, i.e., respectively: (1) natural and anthropogenic emission sources, and chemical processes occurring in the water column; and (2) water residence times. The parameter used to describe the residence time of water masses was the local e-flushing time, i.e. the time required for a tracer mass contained within a given station to be reduced by a factor 1/e. High metal concentrations were found in coastal areas (up to 9000 ng dissolved Ni L⁻¹), and steeply decreased with distance from the coast (down to 101 ng dissolved Ni L⁻¹ near the barrier reef) to reach levels similar to those found in remote Pacific waters, suggesting a rapid renewal of waters close to the barrier. Distributions of metals in the lagoon are controlled upstream by land-based emission sources and later chemical processes. Then hydrodynamics constrain metal distributions, as shown by the observed relationship between local e-flushing times and the spatial variability of metal concentrations. In addition, a change in the direction of prevailing winds yielded a decrease of dissolved metal concentrations at the same site by a factor of 2.5 (Cr and Ni) and 2.9 (Zn). It is suggested that the residence time is a key parameter in the control of elemental concentrations in the lagoon waters, as much as land-based emission sources.     

Effects of pulsed nutrient inputs on phytoplankton assemblage structure and blooms in an enclosed coastal area

The response of phytoplankton assemblage structure to terrestrial nutrient inputs was examined for the Gulf of Kalloni in the Northern Aegean Sea, a productive semi-enclosed coastal marine ecosystem. The study was focused on a typical annual cycle, and emphasis was placed on the comparative analysis between blooms developing after significant nutrient inputs from the watershed, and naturally occurring blooms. Baseline information was collected on a monthly basis from a network of stations located in the oligotrophic open sea and the interior and more productive part of the embayment. Intensive sampling was also carried out along a gradient in the vicinity of a river which was the most important source of freshwater and nutrient input for the Gulf. Phytoplankton assemblage structure was analyzed from 188 samples using diversity indices (Shannon and Average Taxonomic Distinctness), multivariate plotting methods (NMDS), multivariate statistics (PERMANOVA), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Three characteristic assemblages were recognized: (1) an autumn assemblage developed under nutrient depleted conditions, having low diversity due to the dominance of two small diatoms, (2) a winter bloom of the potentially toxic species Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha occurring immediately after a nutrient peak and characterized by very low diversity, and (3) a naturally occurring early summer bloom of centric diatoms with relatively high diversity. The results of the study support the view that moderate nutrient inputs may have a beneficial effect on the functioning of coastal ecosystems, stimulating the taxonomic diversity through the growth of different taxonomic groups and taxa. On the other hand, a sudden pulse of high nutrient concentrations may greatly affect the natural succession of organisms, have a negative effect on the diversity through the dominance of a single species, and can increase the possibility of a harmful algal bloom development.     

山东半岛南部近岸海域渔业资源群落结构的季节变化

根据2006年夏、冬季和2007年春、秋季在山东半岛南部近岸海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查资料,初步分析了该海域渔业资源群落结构特征。结果表明,该海域4个航次的调查共捕获渔业资源种类72种。2006年夏、冬,2007年春、秋4个航次的单位网次渔获量分别为18.1、6.9、1.3、10.3 kg/h。生物量的季节变化,依次呈夏季>冬季>秋季>春季。优势种类主要为赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssakammalensis)、长蛇鲻(Sauridaelongate)、方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)及口虾蛄(Oratosquillaorato-ria)、剑尖枪乌贼(Loligoedulis)、鹰爪虾(Rachypenaeus curvirostris)等。根据4个航次的调查数据,分别计算了渔业生物群落的种类丰度指数R、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′、Pielou均匀度指数J′。通过聚类分析、单因子相似性分析(ANOSI M)、相似性百分比分析(SI MPER),以及对该海域游泳动物资源结构现状与历史调查数据对比分析表明,该海域渔业资源群落结构存在衰退现象。本研究为山东半岛南部海域渔业生物多样性保护和资源管理提供了参考依据。     

舟山近岸海域表层沉积物中5种重金属元素的污染及潜在生态风险评价

利用2006年8月采集于舟山本岛南部近岸海域的表层沉积物监测数据,采用Hakanson生态风险指数法,分析了Hg、As、Pb、Cd和Cu等5种重金属元素含量,并进行了潜在生态风险评价,结果表明:舟山近岸海域表层沉积物中Hg、As、Pb和Cd元素的含量均符合国家海洋沉积物质量一类标准;各重金属元素均为低污染水平,潜在生态...     

杭州湾北岸岸滩变化对海平面上升的响应——以龙泉—南竹港岸段为例

相对海平面上升引发的海岸潜在侵蚀是海岸带资源利用与规划的重点关注内容.基于杭州湾北岸龙泉—南竹港岸段实测断面资料,利用历史岸线后退和淹没法则计算法分析了该地区的海岸变化对海平面上升的响应.结果表明:近10 a来岸滩呈侵蚀后退趋势,年侵蚀速率为3.7～5.7 m/a,相对海平面上升对岸滩迁移后退的贡献为2％～6％;未来1...     

Three-dimensional Layer-integrated Modelling of Estuarine Flows with Flooding and Drying

Details are given of the refinement and application of a thee-dimensional (3-D) layer-integrated numerical model of tidal circulation, with the aim of simulating severe tidal conditions for practical engineering applications. The mode splitting strategy has been used in the model. A set of depth-integrated 2-D equations are first solved to give the pressure gradient, and the layer-integrated 3-D equations are then solved to obtain the vertical distributions of the flow velocities. Attention has been given to maintaining consistency of the physical quantities derived from the 2-D and 3-D equations. A TWO=layer mixing length turbulence model for the vertical shear stress distribution has been included in the model. Emphasis has been focused on applying the model to a real estuary, which is geometrically complicated and has large tidal ranges giving rise to extensive flooding and drying. The model has been applied to three examples, including: wind-driven flow in a rectangular lake, tidal circulation in a model rectangular harbour, and tidal circulation in a large estuary. Favourable results have been obtained for both the simple and complex flow beds.