南麂列岛海域蟹类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2013年11月、2014年2月、5月、9月在南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区海域进行生物资源调查所获得的资料,分析了南麂列岛海域蟹类种类组成、优势种、生物多样性等群落结构特征,并定量分析了群落结构与水文环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,周年4个季度月调查共鉴定出蟹类21种,隶属7科、12属,其中优势种为三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）、日本蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）和双斑蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）3种。不同季节的蟹类种类组成差异较大,而优势种类组成变化较少,其中,以秋季的蟹类种类数最多,冬季最少。从不同水深区域的渔获种类分布趋势来看,蟹类种类以20~30 m水深带较多,30~40 m水深带较少。夏季多样性指数低于其他季节,以水深来看,多样性指数在10~20 m水深带较高,30~40 m水深带较低,蟹类多样性指数与水深呈反比。根据冗余分析认为,水深、水温和盐度是影响调查海域蟹类种类组成和群落结构特征的主要环境因子。     

Trophic ecology of the swimming crab Polybius henslowii Leach, 1820 in Galician and Cantabrian Seas: Influences of natural variability and the Prestige oil spill

Diet and feeding intensity of the portunid crab Polybius henslowii were studied during the spring of 2004 along Galician and Cantabrian continental shelves (NW Iberian Peninsula) between 78 and 287 m. The area had been affected by the Prestige oil spill in November 2002, with different sectors at different levels of pollution: highest in between Miño River and Cape Finisterre (MF) and from there to Estaca de Bares Point (FE) and lowest from Estaca to Cape Peñas (EP). From 37272 specimens collected in 59 bottom hauls, 342 were analysed for stomach fullness and diet composition. Stomach fullness was lower in FE, but with no significant differences among sectors. Diet was a mixture of pelagic and benthic prey: cephalopods (Ilex coindetti), brachyurans (P. henslowii) and polychaetes (Glycera sp.). Other prey were beloniform eggs and fish remains. Two stress markers were also studied in some specimens: Acetylcholinesterase (a neurotoxicity marker) varied among sampled areas, while lipid peroxidation (an oxidative stress marker) did not. Changes in trophic variables, distribution and density were analysed in relation to depth, surface and bottom T, surface Chl a from satellite imagery and tar aggregate concentration in sediments. Along Galician and Cantabrian coasts prey availability, linked to productivity level, seems to be the main factor affecting P. henslowii diet and distribution. Interannual abundance variability seems to be controlled by large-scale climatic conditions (NAO index). This natural variability masks possible effects induced by the oil spill.     

滨海湿地蟹类分布特征及其生境影响因子分析——以江苏省条子泥为例

滨海湿地是具有特殊水文、土壤及生物特征的生态系统,蟹类作为其重要生物组成部分,在维护滨海湿地生态系统生物多样性方面具有重要意义。基于2022年6月野外调查数据,结合各环境因子的相关性分析与冗余分析结果,同时构建偏最小二乘结构方程模型,探究蟹类数量分布与关键生境因子之间的关系。结果表明,研究区内的蟹类共有5种,属沙蟹科(Ocypodidae)和方蟹科(Grapsidae),广泛分布于海堤向海一面的潮滩上,数量由陆向海总体减少,双齿近相手蟹(Sesarma bidens)是研究区蟹类的优势种。不同种蟹类生境偏好有所不同,双齿近相手蟹和天津厚蟹(Helice tientsinensis)偏好互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)盐沼,弧边招潮蟹(Uca arcuata)偏好互花米草和碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)混合生境,伍氏拟厚蟹(Helice wuana)偏好碱蓬盐沼,日本大眼蟹(Macrophthalmus japonicus)偏好光滩生境。相关性分析和冗余分析结果表明蟹类数量与植物地上生物量、植被覆盖度、相对高程呈现显著正相关性,与淹水时长呈现显著负相关性。偏最小二...     

福建东山湾人工养殖池红树林浮岛养殖拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)的生长及肌肉营养成分分析

为探究海水养殖池塘红树林浮岛养殖拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)的生长及其与野生拟穴青蟹营养成分的差异,选择福建省漳浦县东山湾北部的海水养殖池塘内设置四个拟穴青蟹养殖实验组,分别为红树林(秋茄)浮岛养殖组、海马齿浮岛养殖组、空白浮岛养殖组(水面无种植植物)和外围环沟养殖组,并以试验点附近海区捕获的拟穴青蟹(野生组)作为对照,对各组拟穴青蟹的肌肉营养成分进行分析。结果显示,空白浮岛组拟穴青蟹增重率、特定生长率、出肉率及存活率均高于红树林浮岛组、海马齿浮岛组和外围环沟组;红树林浮岛养殖拟穴青蟹肌肉粗蛋白含量(71.66%)最高,粗脂肪含量(2.52%)相对较低,各组拟穴青蟹肌肉中氨基酸总量在60.54%～68.68%之间,其中红树林浮岛组拟穴青蟹肌肉中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量上均显著高于野生组(P<0.05);从氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果可以得出拟穴青蟹的第一限制性氨基酸是蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,各组拟穴青蟹肌肉中必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)均高于0.75;肌肉中均富含不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸;红树林浮岛组拟穴青蟹肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸总量(ΣPUF...     

线粒体基因片段在梭子蟹系统发育及物种鉴定中的应用

测定三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)9个个体COI基因部分序列467 bp,7个个体16S rRNA基因部分序列519 bp,同时测定样品蟹1个个体COI基因部分序列468 bp.结合GenBank中收集的梭子蟹科COJ,16S rRNA两个基因所有同源序列信息,使用Kimura双参数模型采用邻接法(NJ)、最大简约法(MP)构建梭子蟹科分子系统发育树;将样品蟹测得的COI基因序列和已知鲟属的其他蟹同源序列(429 bp)进行比对分析.结果分析表明:两个基因片段序列平均碱基AT数量分数都明显高于GC数量分数;梭子蟹属与美青蟹属关系最近,蟳属应为区别于梭子蟹属、美青蟹属、青蟹属的另一支,支持蟳属应划分在短桨蟹亚科的观点;根据遗传距离以及转换/颠换(R)值分析,判定出样品蟳为锐齿蟳.本试验运用线粒体基因片段探讨了梭子蟹类的系统发育关系以及样品蟹的种类鉴定,为线粒体基因片段在梭子蟹的物种鉴定和系统发育重建中的开发和利用提供重要参考.     

蟹类底栖动物对河口潮滩无机氮界面交换的影响

以长江河口的沿岸及岛屿潮滩高潮滩湿地为研究区域,结合现场调查和实验室模拟分析,初步研究了大型穴居底栖动物无齿相手蟹(Sesarma denaan)活动对长江口潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮交换以及界面处氮的生物地球化学循环的影响。结果表明,高潮滩蟹类底栖动物活动对潮滩滩面地貌施加了显著的改造作用,蟹类活动较集中的地段,蟹洞覆盖率达到2%~3%,滩面掘出沉积物高达1~1.5 kg/m2。潮水淹没情况下,小范围内高密度的蟹类活动能通过机体排泄、加强沉积物再悬浮及促进沉积物-水界面溶质交换等方式致使沉积物出现三态无机氮的巨大释放。蟹类活动造成的洞穴结构及对沉积物的翻动混合能增加沉积物中的氧气含量,促进沉积物中有机氮的矿化和NH4 的释放,造成无机氮在沉积物中的剖面分布特征发生较大变化。     

血卵涡鞭虫在养殖锯缘青蟹中的寄生

利用光镜和电镜对2005年9月浙江三门湾地区某养殖场发生的养殖锯缘青蟹规模性死亡病蟹进行观察,并对病原进行分子生物学鉴定。组织病理学研究发现,病蟹蟹体消瘦,肌肉白浊,头胸甲内可见大量乳白色液体,血淋巴细胞的量急剧减少,代之以大量寄生原虫,该原虫在病蟹的肝胰腺、鳃、心脏、肌肉等部位大量寄生,引起这些组织发生以坏死为主的变质性病变。电镜下,乳白色液体及病变组织内可见大量寄生虫体,其形态特征、内部结构及宿主表现的症状,与血卵涡鞭虫相类似。采用Small等^[5]的血卵涡鞭虫ITS特异引物,扩增出分子量为300bp左右的条带,并对其进行了测序及序列相似性比较,确定该寄生原虫为一种血卵涡鞭虫Hemntodinium sp。血卵涡鞭虫是海水甲壳类的重要病原寄生虫,我国尚未有该寄生虫病的研究报道,文中首次发现其在养殖锯缘青蟹中的寄生,为靳一步研究该寄生虫病积累了资料。     

悬浮泥沙水体对穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L．)光合荧光特性的影响

对1997-2005年长江口亲蟹汛期渔获规格和捕捞量进行了研究,并对资源量和最大持续产量进行了估算.亲蟹平均壳长、壳宽和体重分别为61 mm、66 mm和142 g,雌雄个体比例为1:2.16;同期亲蟹年均捕捞量为2.03 t,最大持续产量参考值为1.06 t.研究期内亲蟹个体规格差异过大,捕捞量变动剧烈且时间分布有前移趋势,捕捞量相关因子的年间变动没有显著规律.此外,插网作业方式应予以禁止或限制,九段沙附近水域的捕捞强度也应得到有效控制.     

Population genetics and evolutionary demography of Ucides cordatus (Decapoda: Ocypodidae)

Variation in a fragment of the mitochondrial control region was investigated to assess the population history of the mangrove land crab, Ucides cordatus L., based on 100 individuals from five locations throughout the Brazilian coast. There was considerable variability in the studied fragment, with every individual showing a distinct haplotype. When regions of ambiguous alignment were removed, 90 haplotypes were still recognized, of which only 1 was shared among locations. There was no statistically significant evidence for geographical structure in the pattern of genetic variability based on a nested clade analysis, even though the geographical distances among the farthest collection sites exceeded 3000 km. Moreover, the mismatch distribution of pairwise differences showed a smooth unimodal distribution that is consistent with a recent population expansion of U. cordatus, either when each location was analysed in isolation or when all samples were combined. Interestingly, the estimates for the duration of such expansion vary latitudinally, suggesting that the expansion of the population of U. cordatus proceeded in a southward direction. These results indicate a possible relationship between the growth in the population of the mangrove land crab and the dynamics of mangrove ecosystems during the Quaternary.