大通湖中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)自然生产潜力估算模型探讨

人放天养的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)质量好、个体大、耐运输、肉质鲜美,是优质高档蟹的代表,但产量严重不足。建立一套湖泊中华绒螯蟹自然生产潜力估算的模型来估算湖泊中华绒螯蟹自然生产潜力,确定放养量,以达到湖泊中华绒螯蟹稳产已迫在眉睫。本文根据近20年来作者对湖泊中华绒螯蟹放养的经验,结合灰估理论,提出蟹自然生产潜力:W=[B1K1C1/R1+B2K2C2/R2]·(B1+B2)2/B12+B2和蟹种放养量:W0=P0[B1K1C1/R1+B2K2C2/R2]·U/P估算模型,并与生产实践进行求证。其结果与生产实践存在较好的一致性。其估算结果可作为指导湖泊中华绒螯蟹生产的依据。     

Effects of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of the juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus (Miers, 1876)

Effect of salinity on survival,feeding behavior and growth of juvenile swimming crab P ortunus trituberculatus was investigated under 5 salinity levels of 5,10,20,30 and 40. The results show that the crab juveniles fed 2 or 3 times at the salinity 20 and 30,each lasted for about 25 minutes,for a total feeding time of 73.2±22.65 minutes per day. At these salinities,there were significantly higher in the frequency of feeding and in total feeding time than those at lower salinities of 5 and 10. All crab juveniles moulted when reared at a salinity of 20 during the 5 days duration of the experiment,which is significantly higher than those at other salinities. All juveniles survived at salinity 20,and the survivorship was not significantly different from that at 30,but was signif icantly higher than those at other salinities. The crab juveniles reared at a salinity of 20 had the highest value of food ration of 0.190 8±0.011 3 g/g BW,average body weight gain of 0.796±0.128 g,gain rate of 87%–96%,and food conversion ratio of 1.20±0.09. There was no significant difference in the values found between 20 and 30 but these values were significantly lower than that at the other salinities( P 0.05). Highest activities of digestive enzymes(Amylase,Protease,Lipase) and lowest activities of protective enzymes(SOD,PO,CAT) were also obtained on crab juveniles reared at salinity of 20.     

The sediment and hydrographic characteristics of three horseshoe crab nursery beaches in hong kong

1　Introduction　Thelifecycleofhorseshoecrabsislengthywhencom paredtoothermarinearthropodssuchasbluecrabsandshrimpspecies (Sekiguchietal.,1988) .Thetwospecies,TachypleustridentatusandCarcinoscorpiusrotundicauda,knowntooccurinHongKongrequire ,respectively ,betweenthirteentofourteenandtentoelevenyearstomaturebeforedepartingtheirnurserybeachesfordeeperwaters (ChiuandMorton ,1999a ;Sekiguchietal.,1988) .Thelivingenvironmentofthenurserybeacheswheretheeggsarelaidandincu bated ,andfromwhichtheyoun…     

Influence of waves and horseshoe crab spawning on beach morphology and sediment grain-size characteristics on a sandy estuarine beach

The effects of wave action and horseshoe crab spawning on the topography and grain-size characteristics on the foreshore of an estuarine sand beach in Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA were evaluated using data collected over six consecutive high tides. Data were gathered inside and outside a 25 m long exclosure constructed to create a control area free of disturbance by crabs. The density of crabs in the swash zone outside the exclosure was 8·1 organisms m⁻². The maximum depth of sediment activation on the upper foreshore where spawning occurred was 0·103 m during periods characterized by low significant wave heights: < 0·08 m. This depth is greater than the depth of activation by waves alone during moderate significant wave heights of 0·16–0·18 m but less than the maximum depth (0·127 m) recorded when spawning occurred during periods of moderate wave heights. Spawning, combined with moderate wave heights, creates a concave upper foreshore that is similar to the type of profile change that occurs during storms, thus lowering the wave-energy threshold for morphological response. Spawning during low wave heights increases the mean grain size and sorting of surface sediments caused by the addition of gravel to the swash. Sedimentological differences are most pronounced on the upper foreshore, and data from this location may be most useful when using grain-size characteristics to interpret the effect of spawning in the sedimentary record. Depths of sediment reworking by horseshoe crabs can be greater than those by subsequent storm waves, so evidence of spawning can be preserved on non-eroding beaches. Greater depth of activation by horseshoe crab spawning than by waves alone, even during moderate-energy conditions, reveals the importance of crab burrowing in releasing eggs to the water column and making them available for shore birds.     

快速筑堤技术——鲎式轻质堤坝的结构和筑堤方法

针对软基堤坝稳定性差,容易沉陷滑移,土石方堆不上,工期长,无法快速施工等问题,提出了鲎式轻质堤坝结构和筑堤方法,又称"松垒筑堤法".它减轻了易沉陷部位的质量,均衡堤坝荷重,增强整体稳定性,提高强度,使堤坝与地基溶为一体,消除了堤坝的不均匀沉降;是一种在软弱地基上应用仿生结构的筑堤方法.     

基于碳、氮稳定同位素分析中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹溯河洄游期食物来源变化

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis)是我国重要的渔业捕捞和水产养殖对象,但野生中华绒螯蟹溯河洄游过程中的摄食生态尚不明确。本论文以长江野生中华绒螯蟹为研究对象,沿其洄游路线设置3个采样区域,采集不同发育时期的幼体及其潜在的食物来源等样品。通过对比分析幼体及食源样品的碳、氮稳定同位素特征,对中华绒螯蟹溯河洄游期的食物组成及变化进行探讨。结果发现,从大眼幼体到幼蟹,碳稳定同位素(δ~(13)C)呈现逐渐变轻的趋势,氮稳定同位素(δ~(15)N)呈现逐渐变重的趋势。表明中华绒螯蟹从大眼幼体到幼蟹的发育过程中,随着幼体不断向上游江段回溯,食物中陆源物质的比例逐渐增大,食物来源由浮游性食物向底栖性食物转变,且营养级逐渐增高。综合分析证明,在生境多样化、食物来源复杂的河流生态系统中,δ~(13)C值呈现的是食物来源的区域性和特异性,可以识别中华绒螯蟹洄游过程中的食源变化。δ~(15)N值虽受到区域氮源以及生物地球化学过程的影响,仍能体现幼体发育过程中营养级的差异。     

Phylogeographic patterns in Maguimithrax spinosissimus (Decapoda: Mithracidae) from Colombian Caribbean

The Caribbean king crab Maguimithrax spinosissimus is an important artisanal fisheries resource with a distribution range that includes the Florida Keys and Caribbean Sea islands. We carried out a phylogeographic analysis of M. spinosissimus in one oceanic (Old Providence) and two continental islands (Rosario and Tintipán). We analysed 89 and 49 Control Region (CR) and Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) sequences, respectively. We found genetic differentiation between Old Providence and Rosario?+?Tintipán units (F_ST values of 0.84 for CR and 0.91 for COI gene), and gene flow between Rosario and Tintipán (F_ST values ?0.0085 for CR, P?>?.88; ?0.01 for COI gene, P?>?.99). Our analysis showed two genetic stocks and possibly an isolated biogeographic unit of M. spinosissimus. We suggest managing the species as different populations, and conducting more ecological and biological studies for the determination of possible cryptic species.     

Ontogenetic and gender-modulated behavioural rhythms in the deep-water decapods Liocarcinus depurator (Brachyura: Portunidae), Munida tenuimana and Munida intermedia (Anomura: Galatheidae)

The regulation and expression of biological rhythms with respect to sex and ontogeny in deep-water benthic decapod crustaceans constitutes an exciting field in marine biology that is far from understood. Liocarcinus depurator , Munida intermedia and Munida tenuimana are ecologically key crustacean decapod species of the Atlantic and Mediterranean shelves and slopes, and their activity rhythms in the field are poorly known. Our aim was to measure the behavioural rhythms of these species, while at the same time defining their type of displacement ( i.e. endobenthic, nektobenthic or benthopelagic). Whether gender and ontogeny modulate the rhythmic behaviour of these decapods is unknown, and we sought to clarify this issue. A temporally scheduled series of trawl hauls and light intensity measures was performed on the western Mediterranean shelf (100–110 m depth) and slope (400–430 m), close to the autumn equinox and the summer solstice. The sex and the size of animals in the catches were analysed. Catch patterns were evaluated through waveform and periodogram analyses. Liocarcinus depurator was captured at night on the shelf, whereas on the slope, animals displayed peaks both in the middle of the day and night. Size-related differences (but no gender differences) were found in its rhythmic behaviour, possibly due to intra-specific competition ( e.g. fighting) between juveniles and adults. Munida intermedia were weakly diurnal in October and both diurnal and nocturnal in June. Munida tenuimana presented no discernible rhythmicity in October, but was nocturnal in June. Both species showed no evident sex or size modulation of their behaviour. Data were interpreted assuming that all tested species present an endobenthic behaviour ( i.e. animals emerge from the substrate during the active phase of their behavioural cycle).     

早熟中华绒螯蟹眼柄视神经节对卵巢发育的生殖调控作用

采用组织切片技术于光镜下观察了早熟中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）眼柄视神经节的组织形态结构,以体外培养法研究早熟蟹眼柄视神经节对同种甲壳动物中华绒螯蟹和异种甲壳动物克氏原螯虾卵巢发育的影响,并以放射化学测定法测定早熟蟹眼柄粗提物及单侧或双侧眼柄镊烫后对大颚器生物合成甲基法尼酯（MF）的影响．结果表明,早熟蟹眼柄视神经节呈乳白色,椭圆柱形,外包一层黑色视网膜,由外髓、内髓、端髓3部分构成;端髓区域可明显区分3种类型的神经分泌细胞;早熟蟹眼柄视神经节对同种和异种甲壳动物的卵巢发育均有抑制作用;早熟蟹眼柄粗提物对MF生物合成的抑制作用随浓度的增加而增强．研究证实早熟蟹眼柄视神经节对卵巢的抑制作用较正常发育蟹弱,且对同种甲壳动物卵巢发育的抑制作用强于对异种动物．     

砂粒粒径与砂层厚度对单体筐养养殖系统中三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响研究

在三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的单体筐养养殖系统中, 试验了生态掩体(砂盒)中不同的砂粒粒径大小以及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹摄食行为与生长特性的影响。砂粒粒径设三个水平,分别为: >2mm、<0.2mm 以及混合砂; 砂层厚度有0cm、2cm、5cm、8cm 四个水平。试验共进行6天, 结果表明: 砂粒粒径及砂层厚度对梭子蟹幼蟹的摄食与生长都有明显的影响。从砂粒粒径看, 幼蟹在细砂(SPS)中挖洞休息, 蟹体与砂面呈30—45°角, 仅露眼睛及触角在外。一天内有3—6 次进食,总进食时间为(142.7±22.52)min, 在摄食次数、总进食时间、平均摄食量[(0.2427±0.0137) g/gBW]、以及蜕皮及成活率都远高于其它粒径组, 该组中幼蟹的体重增长最快, 增加了(0.814±0.113)g, 增长率为91.5%±3.43%; 而该组的饵料系数(FCR)最低为1.17±0.11。因此, 筐养养殖系统砂掩体的砂粒粒径最好为0.2 mm 以下。砂层厚度也有类似结果, 5 cm 以上厚度养殖效果最佳。平均摄食量为(0.2087±0.0046) g/gBW, 该厚度下, 幼蟹无死亡、100%蜕皮, 体重也增加最快, 增加了(0.791±0.121)g, 增长率为88.9%±3.74%, 饵料系数(FCR)达到1.37±0.23, 表明筐养系统掩体中砂层厚度要在5 cm 以上。三种保护性酶类(SOD, POD, CAT)活性随着砂粒粒径变小和砂层厚度增加而降低, 而消化酶类(淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂酶)活性则表现与保护性酶类相反特性。从两类酶的活性变化也能证实, 在优选条件下(细砂、厚度>5 cm), 幼蟹所受的胁迫在降低。