汶川特大地震之北川县城震害分析

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震在北川县城造成了巨大的破坏,导致上万人死亡,整个北川县城变为废墟。现场地震科考分析显示,造成北川县城建筑物和道路严重损毁以及人员重大伤亡的三个主要原因为:活断层错动产生的地表破裂效应,地震引发的次生地质灾害(崩塌、滑坡)和强地震动产生的振动破坏效应。北川县城主断裂和次级断裂沿线分布的建筑物震害较重,而邻近断裂的建筑物震害相对较轻;地震触发的王家岩滑坡和景家山崩塌对北川县城造成了极大的破坏,导致2000余人死亡;而振动破坏效应在北川县城普遍存在,它产生的水平剪切运动对建筑物的危害很严重。     

Influence of shallowness,bank inclination and bank roughness on the variability of flow patterns and boundary shear stress due to secondary currents in straight open-channels

Boundary shear stress and flow variability due to its interaction with main flow and secondary currents were investigated under conditions that extend previous research on trapezoidal channels. Secondary currents that scale with the flow depth were found over the entire width in all experiments. These findings contradict the widespread perception that secondary currents die out at a distance of 2.5 times the flow depth from the bank, a perception which is largely based on experiments with smooth boundaries. The reported results indicate that a stable pattern of secondary currents over the entire channel width can only be sustained over a fixed horizontal bed if the bed's roughness is sufficient to provide the required transverse oscillations in the turbulent shear stresses. Contrary to laboratory flumes, alluvial river bed always provide sufficient roughness. The required external forcing of this hydrodynamic instability mechanism is provided by the turbulence-generated near-bank secondary currents. The pattern of near-bank secondary currents depends on the inclination and the roughness of the bank. In all configurations, secondary currents result in a reduction of the bed shear stress in the vicinity of the bank and a heterogeneous bank shear stress that reaches a maximum close to the toe of the bank. Moreover, these currents cause transverse variability of 10–15% for the streamwise velocities and 0.2u_*²–0.3u_*?² for the bed shear stress. These variations are insufficient to provide the flow variability required in river restoration projects, but nevertheless must be accounted for in the design of stable channels.     

钻井液侵入海洋含水合物地层的一维数值模拟研究

本文以墨西哥湾水合物区域为背景,利用数值模拟方法研究了过平衡钻井条件下,当钻井液温度高于地层中水合物稳定温度时,水基钻井液侵入海洋含水合物地层的动态过程及其一般性规律.与侵入常规油气地层相比,耦合水合物分解和再形成是钻井液侵入海洋含水合物地层的主要特征.模拟结果表明,钻井液密度、温度和盐度都对侵入过程有影响.在一定条件下,钻井液密度越大,温度和含盐量越高,则钻井液侵入程度越深,热量传递越远,水合物分解程度越大.分解的水气在合适条件下又会重新形成水合物,影响了钻井液进一步侵入.而重新形成的水合物的饱和度甚至可能高于原位水合物饱和度,在井周形成一个"高饱水合物"环带.这一现象归因于钻井液侵入的驱替推挤、水合物分解的吸热以及地层传热的滞后等因素共同作用.在地层物性一定的条件下,高饱水合物环带的出现与否主要受钻井液温度和盐度控制.水合物分解以及高饱水合物环带的出现对井壁稳定和电阻率测井解释有很大影响.因此,为维护井壁稳定、确保测井准确和减少水合物储层伤害,就必须对钻井液密度、温度和滤失量进行严格控制,防止地层中的水合物大量分解.最好采用控制压力钻井(MPD)和深侧向测井方式,同时尽量选用低矿化度的含水合物动力学抑制剂的钻井液体系,采取低温快速循环方式.     

菲律宾三宝颜省巴哟铁矿类型及分布特征初探

巴哟磁铁矿矿化露头多,矿床小而散,属风化残坡积型,原生矿成因类型较复杂,成矿地质条件良好,铁矿找矿潜力较大,具大型富铁矿找矿远景。     

山东金刚石碳同位素组成的二次离子质谱显微分析

华北克拉通山东金刚石晶体生长的多阶段性及碳同位素组成已被人们关注,但很少有人对不同阶段金刚石及其内部的碳同位素组成变化进行分析。本文利用二次离子质谱(SIMS)微区分析技术对山东金刚石晶体内部不同阶段生长的δ13C进行了原位测试分析,得出山东金刚石δ13C的变化范围在-5.6‰～-2.01‰,平均值为-3.63‰,与前人对华北克拉通金刚石碳同位素组成测试值(δ13C在-14.71‰～-0.46‰,主要集中在-9‰～-4‰之间)大致相同,位于全球橄榄岩型金刚石及幔源碳同位素组成主要范围(-8‰～-2‰)内。结合金刚石生长环带阴极发光图像,认为金刚石自核心部位至边缘,在同一期生长环带内,其δ13C值呈变重趋势;在多期复杂生长环带之间,δ13C值因结晶时的地质环境不同而存在差异。δ13C值的这种变化揭示了该地区金刚石复杂的生长环境,为解析华北克拉通地幔碳循环提供了定量数据。     

塔里木盆地下古生界烃源岩二次生烃范围研究

塔里木盆地是一个多旋回叠合盆地,下古生界烃源岩具有典型的二次生烃特征.当前关于二次生烃的研究集中在通过热模拟方法认识生烃机理和模式等方面,关于典型盆地二次生烃发生范围、分布规律、影响因素研究相对较少.本文在认识塔里木盆地构造背景和热演化规律的基础上,选取不同构造单元具有代表性的50余口井,利用Basin Mod 1D盆...     

Longitudinal and depth variation of bacterioplankton productivity and related factors in a temperate estuary

Bacterioplankton productivity (BP) spatial variation was investigated in relation to potential resources, including primary productivity and dissolved organic matter, in the micro-tidal Neuse River–Pamlico Sound estuarine system, North Carolina, USA. Estuarine BP was predicted to correlate with the trophic gradient, decreasing along the salinity gradient in parallel with the decrease in organic matter and primary productivity. This prediction was tested over four years at spatial scales ranging from kilometers to meters along the riverine axis and with depth. The general pattern of BP across the salinity gradient was unimodal and matched the phytoplankton patterns in peak location and variability. Peak locations varied with discharge, especially in 2003 when above average discharge moved peaks downstream. Spatial coherence of BP with other variables was much less at short time scales. The effect of temperature, nutrients, and phytoplankton on BP varied by location, especially fresh versus brackish stations, although only temperature explained more than 20% of the BP variation. Depth variation of BP was as great as longitudinal variation and bottom samples were often higher than surface. BP was strongly correlated with particulate organic carbon at the pycnocline and bottom, highlighting the importance of particulate matter as a resource. Station-averaged BP and phytoplankton data corresponded well with two published meta-analyses, although the offset of the freshwater station suggested longitudinal differences in community composition or resource availability.     

塔里木盆地凝析气田的地质特征及其形成机制

塔里木盆地凝析油气资源丰富,已发现了二十余个凝析气田,包括库车坳陷的陆相油气来源的凝析气田和台盆区海相烃源岩来源的凝析气田;储层有碎屑岩,也有碳酸盐岩;时代自奥陶系至新生代均有分布。这些凝析气田的气油比分布在600~19900m³/m³,凝析油含量40~750g/m³;储层温度在78~155℃;地层压力在37~111MPa。研究认为,塔里木盆地凝析气藏的成因类型可以分为原生凝析气藏和次生凝析气藏。其中,以库车坳陷迪那2凝析气田为代表的煤系烃源岩在高演化阶段(镜质体反射率Ro为1.2%~2.0%),即凝析油和湿气生成带所形成的原生腐植型凝析气藏或煤成型凝析气藏。次生凝析气藏包括两类:陆相油气来源的多期充注,晚期干气对早期油藏发生混合改造,形成了以牙哈为代表的陆相油气成因的次生凝析气藏;以海相油气来源,多期油气充注与晚期干气气侵,造成蒸发分馏,在运移、聚集和成藏过程中烃体系分异、富化,发生反凝析作用,从而导致次生凝析气藏的形成。随着塔里木盆地勘探向深层转化,地层的温度和压力逐渐增高,烃类演化程度的升高,不同生烃阶段的烃体系混合也将更为普遍,次生凝析气藏也将更为普遍,因此,以海相油气来源的次生成因型凝析气藏将成为勘探的主体。     

云南元阳大坪金矿矿床成因讨论

金矿位于哀牢山构造变质岩带、金（贵金属）成矿带南部西侧,含金石英脉分布于小新街断裂两侧的次级构造裂隙中,矿脉严格受次级压扭性断裂控制.     

砂砾岩油藏已开发区测井二次解释方法及应用——以克拉玛依油田五3中区三叠系克下组油藏为例

油藏已开发区测井二次解释的目的是油藏精细描述、剩余油分布研究的基础.以克拉玛依油田五3中区三叠系克下组油藏砂砾岩储层解释为例,探讨了测井二次解释几个关键参数的选择和取舍,认为已开发油藏由于有了更多的后期生产井产出资料,可以对油、水层的认识更准确,测井二次解释参数的取舍才会更为合理,对油藏储层的认识会更可靠,对储层的性征剖析更深入.因此可以获得更准确的储量数据.