On the predictability of mode-1 internal tides

A frequency-wavenumber tidal analysis for deriving internal-tide harmonic constants from TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) measurements of sea-surface height (SSH) has been developed, taking advantage of the evident temporal and spatial coherence and the weak dissipation of internal tides. Previous analyses consisted of simple tidal analysis at individual points, which gave inconsistent harmonic constants at altimeter track crossover points. Such analyses have difficulty in distinguishing between the effects of interference, incoherence, and dissipation. The frequency-wavenumber analysis provides an objective way to interpolate the internal tides measured along altimetry tracks to any arbitrary point, while leveraging all available data for optimal tidal estimates. Tidal analysis of T/P data from 2000 to 2007 is used to predict in situ time series measured during the 2001-2002 Hawaiian Ocean mixing experiment (HOME), the 1987 reciprocal tomography experiment (RTE87), and the 1991 acoustic mid-ocean dynamics experiment (AMODE), demonstrating both the temporal coherence and the lack of incoherent elements to this wave propagation. It has been conjectured that significant energy would be lost from mode-1 internal tides as they cross the 28.9°N critical latitude of parametric subharmonic instability (PSI). No apparent change in amplitude at 28.9°N was detected by this analysis, however. Further, after correcting for changes in background stratification, the amplitude of the mode-1 internal tide was found to decrease by less than 20% over the 2000 km between the Hawaiian Ridge and 40°N. A significant fraction of the variability of internal waves, that component associated with mode-1 internal tides, appears to be predictable over most of the world's oceans, using harmonic constants derived from satellite altimetry.     

冰川均衡调整模型对全球质量变化的影响分析

利用国际上常用的8个冰川均衡调整（GIA）模型分别对利用卫星重力(GRACE)数据解算的2005~2014年全球质量变化趋势进行GIA改正。在对南极地区进行改正时发现,ICE-6G_C、ICE-6G_D和IJ05这3种模型的改正值相近;在对全球海水质量变化趋势进行改正时发现,不同改正模型对全球海水质量变化影响的均值都小于-2.0 mm/a;对比陆地水及冰盖对海水质量变化趋势的贡献,同时联合卫星测高和Argo温盐数据集进一步验证发现,Paulson07、GW13和ICE-6G_D模型对全球海水质量改正效果较好。综合整个陆地和海洋的分析结果来看,ICE-6G_D模型更适用于全球质量变化趋势的调整。     

中国近海海面高度异常资料再处理

卫星海面高度异常产品再处理的研究多集中在欧洲和美国近海,中国近海尚未有过。在产生AVISO(Archiving Validation and Interpolation of Satellite Oceanographic Data)全球0.25°多颗卫星海面高度异常产品时,只用了1/3~1/2的部分沿轨资料,给区域海洋动力学研究造成了一定的限制。本研究尝试利用多颗卫星的所有沿轨资料及25个测潮站的观测资料,通过最优插值方法产生一份新的中国近海海面高度异常资料。新资料的空间分辨率仍为0.25°,但使用了来自3颗卫星(Jason-1、Jason-2、Cryo Sat-2)的所有沿轨资料及25个测潮站的观测资料。新资料的范围为10°S~50°N、90°~160°E。新资料与AVISO资料的对比分析表明新资料更接近沿轨海面高度异常观测,同时也更接近测潮站资料。与AVISO资料相比,新资料与沿轨海面高度异常观测的均方根误差降低了10.03%,与测潮站资料的均方根误差降低了9.6%。     

Analysis of systematic error influences on accuracy of airborne laser scanning altimetry

The error sources related to the laser rangefinder, GPS and INS are analyzed in details. Several coordinates systems used in airborne laser scanning are set up, and then the basic formula of system is given. This paper emphasizes on discussing the kinematic offset correction between GPS antenna phase center and laser fired point. And kinematic time delay influence on laser footprint position, the ranging errors, positioning errors, attitude errors and integration errors of the system are also explored. Finally, the result shows that the kinematic time delay can be neglected as compared with other error sources. The accuracy of the coordinates is not only influenced by the amplitude of the error, but also controlled by the operation parameters such as flight height, scanning angle amplitude and attitude magnitude of the platform.     

用交叉点数据计算中国近海海平面变化

讨论了由测高卫星升、降弧段海面高在交叉点上的约束监测海平面变化的方法；用TOPEX／POSIDON测高数据计算了中国黄海、东海、南海海域的海平面变化，其中黄海、东海海域受两个月周期分量的振荡信号影响，而南海海域以年周期变化为主要表现特征；分析了3个海区海平面变化的相关性，扣除两个月的周期分量振荡信号后，其海平面变化的相关性达到90％以上；分析了海水面积随纬度带的变化对不同纬度分布的海区海平面变化量的影响。     

Temporal Variations in the Second-Degree Stokes Tesseral Geopotential Coefficients from Topex/Poseidon Altimetry

The TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) altimetry data set covering the periodof January 1, 1993 to January 3, 2001 was used to derive monthlyseries of the second-degree tesseral geopotential coefficients.To account for the sea water temperature variations, rathersimple models have been devised and discussed, describinglocalized as well as areal variations of sea water temperatureand heights. The second-degree tesseral coefficients have alsobeen shown to be proportional to the pressureportions of the oceanic equatorial effective excitation functions,used in Ocean Angular Momentum (OAM) data. OAM datatogether with Atmospheric Angular Momentum (AAM) data canbe used to study observed polar motion (PM) series.The excess PM rates, derived from the T/P effective excitationfunctions, were compared to the corresponding observed PM rates,derived from the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS)Bulletin A and corrected with AAM also obtainedfrom IERS. The noise of the T/P derived PM rate series was foundto be significantly larger than the corresponding Bulletin A/AAMPM rate residuals as well as the PM rates derived from anindependent OAM series that was also available for the1993–2000 period.     

Ku– and Ka-band Altimeter Data in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Impact on the Observation of the Coastal Ocean Variability

The strong increase in altimeter measurement errors near land surfaces is a limiting factor for coastal applications. We analyze the performance of the new Ka-band SARAL/AltiKa (SRL) mission in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. SRL sea surface height (SSH) measurements are compared with those from the Jason-2 Ku-band satellite mission. The results show a significant increase in both quantity and quality of SSH data available near coastlines when using SRL data. Available edited data are 95.1% of SRL compared with 88.6% for Jason-2. Closer than 10 km to the coastline, available SRL data are still about 60% and only about 31% for Jason-2. Comparisons of the altimeter sea level variations are made with available coastal tide gauge data. The differences obtained between altimeter and tide gauge SLA time series are reduced for SRL (3.3 cm in average) compared with Jason-2 (4.2 cm in average), especially closer than 30 km to the land. It results in higher correlations (by 30%) obtained with SRL data. The coastal circulation derived from altimetry using SRL data shows an offshore meandering, which is more stable in time and with larger velocities close to the coast than that derived from Jason-2 observations.