管道穿越黄土陡坡斜井工程稳定性分析

长输油气管道工程频遇黄土冲沟,给管线的施工和安全运营带来了困难。基于邓肯-张非线性弹性本构模型,利用数值模拟方法,对斜井开挖法穿越边坡的井周及坡体的受力变形规律进行了系统的研究和分析。结果表明,在确保斜井布设在边坡潜在的最危险滑动面以外的前提下,坡顶斜井入口越接近坡肩,斜井井周及坡体的稳定性越好。鉴于黄土斜井拱顶易出现塌落的问题,基于多工况数值模拟分析结果,结合响应面方法,构建了拱顶屈服区深度的预测公式,经验证相关性良好,可用于对斜井穿越黄土冲沟或陡坡的支护设计。     

陕北台塬区深层黄土湿陷性研究及地基处理

陕北台塬区深层湿性黄土厚度大,地基处理困难。室内试验表明:该区黄土的湿陷性与其结构、天然含水量、孔隙比、时代成因等因素相关,黄土的湿陷系数由上到下逐渐递减,表明湿陷性随深度增加而逐渐减弱;黄土的含水量和孔隙比分别与湿陷系数呈反相关和正相关关系。提出陕北台塬区深层湿陷性黄土地基处理时,对单位荷重小于250 kPa的建筑物,适宜采用灰土垫层、灰土挤密桩或灰土挤密桩与灰土垫层相结合方案;单位荷重大于或等于250 kPa的建筑物,宜采用桩基础方案。      

高速铁路地基黄土湿陷性评价中的ANFIS方法

文章收集郑西高速铁路地基黄土典型湿陷性试验资料(包括现场大型浸水试验及室内试验),以影响黄土湿陷系数主要因素为基础,运用MATLAB建立黄土湿陷系数的自适应神经网络模糊推理系统(ANFIS)预测模型。通过对样本的训练和预测,表明该模型预测结果与实际黄土湿陷系数十分接近。用多元线性回归法对这些非母体样品进行预测检验,经过对比ANFIS法优于多元线性回归法,证明ANFIS法是一种比较理想的预测方法。     

应力路径对黄土固结不排水剪强度的影响

用总应力法研究了应力路径对陇西Q3原状黄土的固结不排水剪强度的影响。试验基于正交设计,考虑了含水率、固结比、固结末径向应力和剪切路径4个因子、4种水平。试验结果表明,当黄土各向异性程度较小时应力路径对黄土的固结不排水抗剪强度有一定影响;基于正交设计的黄土三轴固结不排水剪试验的破坏点与普通三轴固结不排水剪试验（均压固结常规剪切）得到的破坏点处于一个条带内。黄土强度随含水率的变化规律与普通三轴固结不排水剪试验的相同。     

基于微结构失稳假说及广义吸力理论的黄土体变模型

针对原状非饱和及饱和黄土的体积变形问题,提出了一个复合体计算模型。该模型将黄土看作由各自均匀分布于土中的原状部分和扰动部分组成的,这两部分土体的体积比率,可由黄土结构的微观几何模型、孔隙率密度曲线及考虑广义吸力的微结构失稳条件计算得出。假设原状部分仅发生弹性变形,扰动部分符合重塑土的变形规律。复合体的应变增量包括原状部分的弹性、重塑土的塑性及结构崩塌3部分;其中：结构崩塌变形特指微结构失稳时原状土体的孔隙率突然变为重塑土的孔隙率;重塑土的体积应变形采用广义吸力理论计算。采用不同的初始饱和度的黄土结构强度计算出非饱和土微观结构刚度与饱和度的函数,从而获得非饱和土黄土微观结构失稳的判别条件。分别计算了低含水天然非饱和及饱和黄土的压缩曲线,并与试验结果对比说明了模型的合理性。     

渤海海峡及胶、辽两半岛海岸带黄土的分布特征

本区海岸带黄土的宏观分布具有地带性、坡向性、旋回性和超覆性等特征,某些物质成分在辽东半岛、庙岛群岛和胶东半岛的含量有所差异。黄土粒度从北向南由租变细,不稳定矿物含量北高南低,稳定矿物含量北低南高,体现出明显的水平分异现象,不符合中国黄土沉积的大尺度分布规律。椐此推断:形成本区黄土的主要动力因素为北向风,其物质是低海面时期由低空气流搬运的近源物质为主,大气环流或高空气流携带而来的内陆远源物质和当地基岩风化物次之.     

南黄海北部末次冰期棕黄色细粒沉积物的磁学特征及其地质意义

南黄海北部YA023柱状样0.24～1.45m为末次冰期棕黄色细粒沉积物,以往的研究认为它属于风成黄土沉积。本文对这段沉积物的磁学性质进行了研究,包括磁化率(K)、非磁滞剩磁(ARM)、等温剩磁(IRM)、剩磁矫顽力(Hcr)、低/高矫顽力磁性矿物的比例(S300)、三轴等温磁化实验和磁组构等。实验结果表明,该沉积物的磁性矿物以赤铁矿为主、磁铁矿或钛磁铁矿的含量很低;磁化率各向异性度(P)与磁面理(F)不相关,而P与磁线理(L)存在一定的相关性,磁化率椭球体既有拉长型(扁率E<1)、也有压扁型(E>1),这些实验结果与中国风成黄土的磁学特征显著不同。我们认为,YA023柱状样0.24～1.45m的细粒沉积物应属于末次冰期洪泛沉积,洪泛平原或河漫滩由于周期性地出露地表和被洪水淹没,使沉积物发生周期性成壤化作用和还原成岩作用,导致赤铁矿含量的增加和低矫顽力磁性矿物被溶解。     

山西大同地区0.8Ma以来植物群及古气候演化

本文通过山西大同地区黑山南四沟剖面、东水头剖面及小北庄剖面的孢粉资料,对该区0.8Ma以来的自然环境进行研究探讨。结果表明,该时期植被经历了森林-森林草原-草原-荒漠草原4个发展阶段,与其相对应的气候变化有3个气候旋回,9个亚旋回,各气候旋回都是以冷干开始,温湿结束。      

Climate change and soil erosion in a small alpine lake basin on the Loess Plateau,China

Multi‐proxy indices retrieved from sediments in Lake Chaonaqiu, an alpine lake on the western Loess Plateau (LP) of China, were used to reconstruct a precipitation history over the last ~300 years. The results correlate well with records from tree rings and historical documents in neighboring regions. We show that the lake oscillated between two states, i.e. wetter climatic conditions, which favored denser vegetation cover, and promoted weaker catchment soil erosion; and drier climatic conditions, which lead to less vegetation coverage, correlate with stronger surface soil erosion. Several intensive soil erosion events were identified in the sediment cores, and most of these occurred during decadal/multi‐decadal dry periods, and correlate well with flood events documented in historical literature. The results of this study show that soil erosion by flood events is particularly intense during dry periods, and further highlights the role of vegetation cover in the conservation of water and soil in small lake basins on the Chinese LP. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantifying the surface covering,binding and bonding effects of biological soil crusts on soil detachment by overland flow

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) have impacts on soil detachment process through surface covering, and binding and bonding (B&B) mechanisms, which might vary with successional stages of BSCs. This study was conducted to quantify the effects of surface covering, binding and bonding of BSCs on soil detachment capacity by overland flow in a 4 m long hydraulic flume with fixed bed. Two dominant BSC types, developed well in the Loess Plateau (the early successional cyanobacteria and the later successional moss), were tested using natural undisturbed soil samples collected from the abandoned farmlands. Two treatments of undisturbed crusts and one treatment of removing the above‐ground tissue of BSCs were designed for each BSC type. For comparison, bare loess soil was used as the baseline. The collected soil samples were subjected to flow scouring under six different shear stresses, ranging from 6.7 to 21.2 Pa. The results showed that soil detachment capacity (D_c) and rill erodibility (K_r) decrease with BSC succession, and the presence of BSCs obviously increased the critical shear stress, especially for the later successional moss crust. For the early successional cyanobacteria crust, D_c was reduced by 69.2% compared to the bare loess soil, where 37.7% and 31.5% are attributed to the surface covering and B&B, respectively. For the later successional moss crust, D_c decreased by 89.8% compared to the bare loess soil, where 68.9% and 20.9% contributed to the surface covering and B&B, respectively. These results are helpful in understanding the influencing mechanism of BSCs on soil erosion and in developing the process‐based erosion models for grassland and forestland. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.