Magnetic studies of magma-supply and sea-floor metamorphism: Troodos ophiolite dikes

Dikes of the eastern Troodos ophiolite of Cyprus intruded at slow ocean-spreading axes with dips ranging up to 15° from vertical and with bimodal strikes (now NE–SW and N–S due to post-88 Ma sinistral microplate rotation). Varied dike orientations may represent local stress fields during dike-crack propagation but do not influence the spatial-distributions or orientation-distributions of dikes' magnetic fabrics, nor of their palaeomagnetic signals. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) integrates mineral orientation-distributions from each of 1289 specimens sampled from dikes at 356 sites over 400 km² in the eastern Troodos ophiolite of Cyprus. In 90% of dikes, AMS fabrics define a foliation (k_MAX–k_INT) parallel to dike walls and a lineation (k_MAX) that varies regionally and systematically. Magma-flow alignment of accessory magnetite controls the AMS with a subordinate contribution from the mafic silicate matrix that is reduced in anisotropy by sea-floor metamorphism. Titanomagnetite has less influence on anisotropy. Occasionally, intermediate and minimum susceptibility axes are switched so as to be incompatible with the kinematically reasonable flow plane but maximum susceptibility (k_MAX) still defines the magmatic flow axis. Such blended subfabrics of kinematically compatible mafic-silicate and misaligned multidomain magnetite subfabrics; are rare. Areas of steep magma flow (k_MAX plunge ≥ 70°) and of shallow magma-flow alternate in a systematic and gradual spatial pattern. Foci of steep flow were spaced 4 km parallel to the spreading axes and 6 km perpendicular to the spreading axes. Ridge-parallel separation of steep flow suggest the spacing of magma-feeders to the dikes whereas ridge-perpendicular spacing of 6 km at a spreading rate of 50 mm/a implies the magma sources may have been active for 240 Ka. The magma feeders feeding dikes may have been ≤ 2 km in diameter. Stable paleomagnetic vectors, in some cases verified by reversal tests, are retained by magnetite and titanomagnetite. In all specimens, the stable components were isolated by three cycles of low-temperature demagnetization (LTD) followed by ≥ 10 steps of incremental thermal demagnetization (TD). 47% of primary A-components [338.2 /+ 57.2 n = 207, α₉₅ = 3.9; mean T_UB = 397 ± 8 °C] are overprinted by a B-component [341.4 /+ 63.5, n = 96, α₉₅ = 8.7; mean T_UB = 182 ± 11 °C]. A- and B-components are ubiquitous and shared equally by the N–S and NE–SW striking dikes. A-component unblocking temperatures (T_UB) are zoned subparallel to the fossil spreading axis. Their spatial pattern is consistent with chemical remagnetization at some certain off-axis distance determined by sea-floor spreading. A-components indicate less microplate rotation and more northerly palaeolatitudes that are consistent with metamorphic remagnetization after some spreading from the ridge-axis. Thus, their magnetizations are younger than those of the overlying volcanic sequence for which ChRMs are commonly reported as 274 /+ 33 (88 Ma).     

金在现代海底热液系统中的分布及演化

现代海底热液系统内冷海水的下渗和热液流体的上涌及由此引发的水岩反应驱动着金的循环演化,并可在海底形成极具经济前景的富金矿床。海底下覆基岩深部层位中的金会因为水岩反应而大量溶解迁移到热液流体中,金含量可比海水高千倍的热液流体在向海底表面运移过程中发生的相分离作用会进一步富集金,当遭遇冷海水发生混合作用后引发H_2S浓度和温度的降低,由此导致金因溶解度降低而从热液流体中迁移出来并赋存在一同形成的硫化物矿物中。海底硫化物中金含量的分布受到围岩性质和构造环境的控制,形成在岛弧和弧后环境中的硫化物一般比洋中脊环境中的硫化物的金含量高,而在相似构造环境下形成在长英质围岩系统和超镁铁质围岩系统中的硫化物其金含量比镁铁质围岩系统中的高。相对于高温阶段形成的黄铜矿,低温成因的黄铁矿和闪锌矿普遍更富集金。在分布最广的黄铁矿的晶格内,固溶体态金的溶解度受到砷含量的控制,当超过矿物的溶解度时则会出现纳米到微米级金颗粒聚合体。虽然热液硫化物中的金含量比热液沉积物高的多,但由于受其捕获效率的制约,随热液流体运移到海底表面的金还是有相当一部分最终随着羽状流扩散到了远端沉积物中或被海洋水体所接纳。若要更清晰甚至定量化地厘清金在现代海底热液系统中的迁移演化过程及控制因素,则微区、原位和高精度的实验方法、分析技术和模拟研究将是下一步工作的重点。     

南海北部陆坡深水区的海底原位热流测量

海底热流数据是开展海洋地球动力学研究和油气资源评价的基础数据.南海北部陆坡深水区蕴含有丰富的油气和水合物资源,而该区热流站位很少.为了解陆坡深水区水合物有利区块的地热特征,利用剑鱼1型海底原位热流探针,在南海西沙海域和神狐海域成功获得了16个站位的热流值.测量结果表明,西沙海槽与白云凹陷都具有较高的热流值,西沙海槽区除1个站位结果不可信外,另2个站位所测海底表层地温梯度分别为105.3 和99.9℃·km^-1,原位热流分别为89±1和87±1 mW·m^-2;白云凹陷中部区域13个站位测得表层地温梯度变化于58.5~100.7 ℃·km^-1,热流值除4个站位低于70 mW·m^-2外,其余都变化于75±2~101±4 mW·m^-2范围,比前人在白云凹陷东部获得的热流高.分析认为,西沙海槽和白云凹陷区域的高地热特征与陆坡深水区的高热背景、晚期断裂发育、底辟、岩浆侵入和热流体活动等有关.     

海底勘查技术的最新发展

介绍用于探测海底三维地质特征的海底量的最新发展，主要包括海底地形测绘技术，海底形貌观测技术，海底地层声学探测技术等。