进化策略及其改进算法在深基坑支护优化设计中的应用研究

进化策略是一种新的求解全局最优问题的方法,应用该方法对深基坑支护结构进行了优化设计的初步研究。针对进化策略在处理非线性函数的优化问题及高维优化问题时在收敛速度和收敛性方面存在的不足,将禁止搜索与有向搜索相结合,提出了一种快速进化策略算法,有效地克服了传统进化策略的缺点。工程实例分析研究表明,进化策略不受设计空间的可微性、连续性等限制,特别适合于求解支护工程这类具有离散设计变量和非确定性因素的工程设计问题;改进的进化策略具有更好的收敛性,有极强的避免局部极值的全局优化能力。     

某基坑位移、沉降和内力实测结果及预警值讨论

以某深基坑支护结构位移、沉降、内力及水位的施工监测数据为依据,探讨了位移、沉降与内力大小及变化规律。实测表明：支护桩及外侧土体各点随着基坑开挖深度和时间的递增,水平位移逐步增大,增大速度由快逐步趋于平稳。另外,位移大小还与周围建筑物位置和支撑条件有关。周围建筑物的沉降随时间增大,且离基坑越近则越大;立柱沉降及土的隆起量与承受的支撑重量及基坑形状有关;支撑轴力的大小及变化与地质条件、支撑刚度和施工开挖顺序及速度等因素有很大关系;桩身偏心较小,底部可按轴心受力计算。最后,对预警值进行了讨论。     

某水力枢纽基坑开挖过程渗流耦合数值模拟

岩土工程中存在多种耦合作用,在水利水电工程中,渗流场与应力场的耦合是最重要的。以某水利枢纽厂房基坑开挖为工程背景,比奥固结理论为理论基础,莫尔-库仑准则为土体屈服判据,对基坑开挖过程中渗流耦合进行了数值模拟。计算结果显示：回填后的应力略大于开挖过程中的应力,沉井附近出现一定程度的应力集中。回填前后塑性区变化不大且范围较小,因而土体的屈服破坏不是该工程的重点。由于土体渗透系数大,厂房区地下水位高,基坑开挖过程中渗水量较大,回填后沉井及基坑底部防渗底板的防渗效果显著,因而在基坑开挖过程中防渗排水是该工程的重点问题。     

复合土钉墙支护模型及在深大基坑工程中的应用

土钉墙是用于基坑开挖和边坡稳定的一种挡土结构,将土钉与预应力锚杆结合形成复合土钉墙结构。根据土钉、预应力锚杆和土体的联合作用机理,提出钉-锚-土联合作用模型模拟复合土钉墙的支护锚固效应。将该力学模型用于指导设计一深大基坑支护工程,使基坑支护设计方案得到显著优化,确保了基坑开挖稳定和周边环境的安全,基坑支护获得圆满成功。     

防护丁坝抗冲刷失效安全可靠性分析

分析了防护丁坝冲刷的机理,用概率分析方法研究了在随机因素影响下防护丁坝抗冲刷的可靠性问题.应用Rosen-blatt变换确定防护丁坝抗冲刷破坏的功能函数在随机因素影响下的可靠性指标.提出了用丁坝端部冲刷坑的当量坡度小于冲刷坑坡度的临界值JD作为丁坝抗冲刷破坏的安全（稳定性）准则.分别考虑了水道流速、土颗粒等效直径、冲刷坑半径、冲刷坑后坡度临界值和水流方向角为相关或独立的非高斯随机参数时的可靠性问题.该分析能为防护丁坝系统的抗冲刷可靠性评估和设计提供有实用价值的方法.     

深井降水基坑涌水涌砂原因分析及对策

以汉口某基坑为例,简要介绍了其支护、止水设计情况以及基坑的运行过程。在此基础上,针对基坑运行过程中出现的涌水涌砂现象进行了原因分析,并有针对性的采取了排水管排水及双液灌浆等疏堵结合处治措施,解决了水患,保证了基坑的正常运行。最后通过这个实例,简述了深井降水和垂直止水帷幕设计中要注意的一些问题。     

考虑坑壁位移和土压力方向的直撑力学特性

鉴于基坑支护中常见的直撑设计一般都没有考虑基坑位移和土压力的变化,总结了土压力和基坑位移之间非线性关系的研究现状,分析了随坑壁转动时土压力大小和方向的变化规律。在此基础上,推导了直撑轴力和坑壁位移之间、以及直撑纵向变形与坑壁位移之间的数学关系式。结合工程实例,进一步研究了直撑轴力和变形随基坑初始位移、支撑点、土压力作用点、土体与挡土结构间摩擦角等因素变化时的发展变化规律。研究表明,直撑轴力及其变形随基坑位移、支撑点高度、土体与挡土结构之间摩擦角的增加而减小,随土压力作用点高度的增加而增大,与基坑初始位移值基本无关。     

土钉支护结构极限支护深度的研究

土钉墙支护软弱地基基坑,只能适用于一定的开挖深度,即土钉基坑支护结构具有极限开挖深度。为此,提出了土钉支护结构极限开挖深度的确定方法,以淤泥类地层基坑作为研究对象,研究了土钉支护结构的极限开挖深度问题,以及研究了土钉墙墙面坡度、地面超载、土层物理力学性指标以及土钉直径等变化时对极限开挖深度的影响。对于位于淤泥类、淤泥质类土层中的基坑,其极限开挖深度可分别取为5.0 m和6.0 m。     

Aeolian activity at a giant sandstone weathering pit in arid south‐central Utah

Aeolian abrasional, depositional and deflational features indicate exceptionally strong southwesterly winds in a giant sandstone weathering pit in Grand Staircase Escalante Monument, about 22 km southeast of Escalante, Utah. The 60 m wide, 5–20 m deep pit has developed near the summit of a broad, barren 160‐m‐high dome on the Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone. Unlike other giant weathering pits (10–30 m diameter) in the region, the bedrock floor of this pit is undulatory, and there is a cylindrical, 10‐m‐high rock pedestal in the centre of the pit. An active dune surrounds the central pedestal and at times has as much as 8 m of local relief. The dune shifts considerably over brief (<1 year) periods of time. Fine‐grained (<250 µm) dunal sand on the pit floor is periodically removed by deflation, leaving coarser sand (>250 µm) trapped in the pit. Dunal sand is typically derived from external sources (other than the pit walls and floor). Centimetre to metre‐scale abrasional features such as grooves, flutes and dedos occur on the bedrock walls and floor of the pit. These dedos and other streamlined aeolian sculpted host‐rock features occur in clusters and typically form in the lee of iron concretions. The dedos are similar to the controversial stalked blueberries on Mars. Above the western rim of the pit there is a 29‐m‐long, 5‐m‐wide aeolian groove with a fluted bedrock floor. A 1·2‐km‐long bedrock valley descends to the southwest from the pit and groove, amplifying southwesterly winds. Data from hand‐held anemometers suggest that southwesterly winds can be accelerated 200–300 per cent or more by local topography. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

Advances in the Study of Moving Sediments and Evolving Seabeds

Sands and mud are continually being transported around the world’s coastal seas due to the action of tides, wind and waves. The transport of these sediments modifies the boundary between the land and the sea, changing and reshaping its form. Sometimes the nearshore bathymetry evolves slowly over long time periods, at other times more rapidly due to natural episodic events or the introduction of manmade structures at the shoreline. For over half a century we have been trying to understand the physics of sediment transport processes and formulate predictive models. Although significant progress has been made, our capability to forecast the future behaviour of the coastal zone from basic principles is still relatively poor. However, innovative acoustic techniques for studying the fundamentals of sediment movement experimentally are now providing new insights, and it is expected that such observations, coupled with developing theoretical works, will allow us to take further steps towards the goal of predicting the evolution of coastlines and coastal bathymetry. This paper presents an overview of our existing predictive capabilities, primarily in the field of non-cohesive sediment transport, and highlights how new acoustic techniques are enabling our modelling efforts to achieve greater sophistication and accuracy. The paper is aimed at coastal scientists and managers seeking to understand how detailed physical studies can contribute to the improvement of coastal area models and, hence, inform coastal zone management strategies.