黄海近岸锋面的时空变化及其对沉积物输运和沉积的影响

利用2010和2012年黄海海域不同季节的航次观测数据与HYCOM模式再分析数据进行了比对,检验了HYCOM模式的水体温度数据在黄海海域的适用性。据此分析了黄海海域的温度锋面和混合锋面的时空变化。结果显示,温度锋通常在秋季开始出现,在冬季最为发育,在春季逐渐消失;黄海混合锋面与季风活动密切相关,主要在秋季开始出现,在冬季发育。悬浮沉积物基本上集中在温度锋的向岸一侧,难以跨越锋面输运。山东半岛成山头海域的温度锋在形态及空间位置上与泥质沉积区相对应,沉积中心(厚度40 m)主要分布在温度锋的西侧,而在其东侧泥质沉积厚度快速减小。研究结果发现,秋冬季节混合锋与温度锋的空间位置并不一致,混合锋位于温度锋的西侧,强烈混合使得沉积物不易沉降,对应泥质沉积厚度小;而在混合锋东侧,悬浮沉积物浓度高且水体层化显著,沉积物易于沉降堆积,与泥质沉积中心对应。混合锋与温度锋的空间分布差异与共同作用可能是该区域泥质沉积体"Ω"形态发育的动力学机制。     

16 Ma以来南海北部海域古水温变化规律与机制

长期以来古海洋表层古水温研究的热点主要集中在第四纪,很少涉及到2.5 Ma之前。利用ODP 184航次1147和1148站位的获得的相关资料,并主要采用长链烯酮U37k)和底栖有孔虫氧同位素(δ18O)两种方法,计算海水氧同位素组成,然后,利用浮游有孔虫氧同位素法计算16 Ma以来的海水温度变化,探讨南海北部16 Ma以来的古海水温度变化机制。结果表明,南海北部水温总体趋势与全球气候发展相对应,在北半球冰盖形成时期,海水表层温度与代表高纬冰盖体积大小的底栖有孔虫δ18O几乎同步变化,反映出南海热带海区古气候变化的特殊性,为进一步研究低纬热带海区在全球古气候变化中的作用提供了新证据。     

南海西北部海域表层沉积物粒度分布特征及其影响因素

对南海西北部海域416个表层沉积物样品进行粒度和多元统计分析,结果表明研究区沉积物类型复杂,从粗粒级的砾石到细粒级的黏土皆有发育,共分为14种类型。其核心粒级为4 φ~9 φ,占71%,平均粒径范围为0.99 φ~7.44 φ;分选系数为0.54~3.72;偏态范围为-0.32~0.78;峰态范围为0.62~3.92。R型聚类分析结果表明表层沉积物基本上分为粗、细2大类:粗颗粒沉积物由-2 φ~5 φ粒级组成,细颗粒沉积物由6 φ~11 φ组成。R型因子分析结果表明前5种因子累计特征值比例达到89.38%。因子1、因子2和因子3是主导因子:因子1主要由9 φ~11φ的正载荷和3 φ~4 φ的负载荷组成;因子2主要由6 φ~8 φ的正载荷组成;因子3主要由-2 φ~0 φ的正载荷组成。研究区粗粒沉积物一般在水动力较强的陆架区沉积,其分选较好,物质来源多样;细粒沉积物主要位于水动力弱的海湾、离岸较远的陆架以及陆坡和海盆区,其分选差,物质来源单一。     

黄渤海表层沉积物环境磁学特征分类及物源诊断

黄渤海是我国东部陆架的重要组成部分, 基于黄渤海130个表层沉积物样品详细的环境磁学研究探讨了磁学特征分类及物源。按照黄渤海表层沉积物样品的S-300、SIRM/X与SIRM磁性参数特征, 将研究区表层沉积物分为4个类型: 类型1磁性矿物含量较高, 亚铁磁性矿物含量中等, 磁性矿物颗粒中等, 与黄河物质磁学特征极为相似, 这里沉积动力中等, 为中等水动力黄河沉积区; 类型2磁性矿物含量中等, 亚铁磁性矿物含量中等, 磁性矿物颗粒细, 与长江及黄河物质磁学特征较为相似, 水动力环境较弱, 为弱水动力黄河-长江混合沉积区; 类型3磁性矿物含量较低, 亚铁磁性矿物含量较低, 磁性矿物颗粒中等, 主要是该海域存在的残留沉积, 水动力中等, 命名为中等水动力残留沉积区; 而类型4磁性矿物含量高, 亚铁磁性矿物含量高, 磁性矿物粒级粗, 与长江沉积物具有相似的磁学特征, 沉积动力强, 命名为强水动力长江沉积区。以上四类沉积物具有不同的环境磁学和沉积环境特征, 从而可以帮助识别黄渤海沉积物的分布及物源信息。     

南海大气温室效应纬向地带性的遥感观测

本文选取位于入射太阳辐射能量峰值所在的绿光通道(MODIS卫星4通道), 以及位于可太阳耀光探测长波辐射区间的中红外通道(MODIS卫星21通道)为观测窗口对, 遥感测量2000~2010年间南海研究区和东海对照区内, 不同纬度带的大气典型短波与长波通道的太阳耀光辐射比参数(引入晴空辐射平衡的描述性指标CSRR, 即Calibrated Sunglint Radiation Ratio)时间序列。 据此大气双程透射率比及太阳分谱辐照度比的相关函数CSRR, 了解南海大气温室效应纬向地带性的演变特征。经验模态分解方法分析结果表明, 南海的大气温室效应包含3个相对重要的分量:1)由低纬往中纬逐渐增大的, 受具有明显纬向地带性的水汽大储库与纬向地带性较弱的CO2小储库联合影响的长期变化趋势; 2)受 CO2、CH4、O3和气溶胶共同调控的准十年尺度分量; 3)从低纬往中纬逐渐由双峰转变为单峰分布的年尺度分量。由此可见, 关于地球-大气系统辐射平衡物理学参数地带性分布规律的观测, 有助于理解从辐射强迫到温度变化的气候响应机制, 对如何筛选简洁合理的第四纪气候评估模型具有参考价值。     

末次冰盛期-全新世东海陆坡滑塌沉积的地质年代与沉积学证据

基于东海陆坡区OT12-01孔长度为5.35 m沉积物AMS 14C测年、高分辨率粒度分析和XRF岩芯元素扫描数据,识别出了末次冰盛期(LGM)至全新世期间发生的多次滑塌事件。研究发现,OT12-01孔全新世晚期沉积层缺失,LGM至全新世期间呈现AMS 14C年龄模式频繁倒转、沉积物粒度、元素比值垂向上多处突变或"错动"等特征,保存了LGM至全新世非连续的沉积记录。OT12-01孔沉积物主要来源于低海平面时期的长江/黄河物质,OT12-01孔是由中国大陆陆源物质在东海陆架经水动力分选,细颗粒被搬运至东海陆坡后,发生多次滑塌形成。LGM时期物源供给是OT12-01孔形成滑塌沉积的重要因素,末次冰消期海平面快速上升可能是高频滑塌沉积的触发原因,而低海平面时期甲烷水合物溢出、频繁的地震和火山喷发可能是海底滑坡作用发生的诱因。     

3-D BAROCLINIC NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA I. UPPER CIRCULATION

A three-dimensional baroclinic shelf sea model was employed to simulate the seasonal characteristics of the South China Sea (SCS) upper circulation. The results showed that: in summer, an anticyclonic eddy, after its formation between the Bashi Channel and Dongsha Islands in the northeastern SCS, moves southwestward until it disperses slowly. There exists a northward western boundary current along the east shore of the Indo-China Peninsula in the western SCS and an anticyclonic gyre in the southern SCS. But at the end of summer and beginning of autumn, a weak local cyclonic eddy forms in the Nansha Trough, then grows slowly and moves westward till it becomes a cyclonic gyre in the southern SCS in autumn. At the beginning of winter, there exists a cyclonic gyre in the northern and southern SCS, and there is a southward western boundary current along the east shore of the Indo-China Peninsula. But at the end of winter, an anticyclonic eddy grows and moves toward the western boundary after forming in the Nansha Trough. The eddy‘s movement induces a new opposite sign eddy on its eastern side, while the strength of the southward western boundary current gets weakened. This phenomenon continues till spring and causes eddies in the southern SCS.     

FIVE RED TIDE SPECIES IN GENUS PROROCENTRUM INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF PROROCENTRUM DONGHAIENSE LU SP. NOV. FROM THE EAST CHINA SEA

A new planktonic dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum donghaiense I_a sp. nov., is described in the present paper. The water sample was collected from the Changjiang Estuary, the East China Sea. The species identification is based on shape, size, surface micro-morphology, ornamentation of thecal plates and the architecture of the pel‘iflagellar area and the intercalary bands as seen by fight and scanning electron microscope. Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu sp. nov. is compared with other prorocentrum species with respect to morphological characteristics and bloom behavior. It is not known whether Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu sp. nov produces phycotoxins like some other Prorocentrum species. Four other red tide species in the family Prorocentraceae (Dinophyceae), namely P. balticum, P. minimum, P.micans, P. triestinum, were examined and identified by light and scanning electron microscope. They have been recorded as bloom-forming species. Some aggregates of Prorocentrum are observed at the end of blooms. An event of strong discoloration caused by P. donghaiense could be detected by satellite sensor in the East China Sea in the late spring, of 1995.     

Estimating the Budgets of Nutrients for Phytoplankton Bloom in the Central Yellow Sea Using a Modified Lower Tropic Ecosystem ModelDOI 10.1007/s11802-014-1900-6

A modified lower trophic ecosystem model(NEMURO) is coupled with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model for an application in the central Yellow Sea. The model is used to simulate the horizontal distributions and annual cycles of chlorophyll-a and nutrients with results consistent with historical observations. Generally, during the winter background and spring bloom periods, the exchange with neighboring waters constitutes the primary sources of nutrients. Howerver, during the winter background period, the input of silicate from the layer deeper than 50 m is the most important source that contributes up to 60% to the total sources. During the spring bloom period, the transport across the thermocline makes significant contribution to the input of phosphate and silicate. During the post spring bloom period, the relative contribution of relevant processes varies for different nutrients. For ammonium, atmospheric deposition, excretion of zooplankton and decomposition of particulate and dissolved nitrogen make similar contributions. For phosphate and silicate, the dominant input is the transport across the thermocline, accounting for 62% and 68% of the total sources, respectively. The N/P ratio averaged annually and over the whole southern Yellow Sea is up to 51.8, indicating the potential of P limitation in this region. The important influence of large scale sea water circulation is revealed by both the estimated fluxes and the corresponding N/P ratio of nutrients across a section linking the northeastern bank of the Changjiang River and Cheju Island. During the winter background period, the input of nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and silicate by the Yellow Sea Warm Current is estimated to be 4.6×1010, 2.3×1010, 2.0×109 and 1.2×1010 mol, respectively.     

Phytoplankton pigment patterns and community composition in the northern South China Sea during winter

Phytoplankton pigment patterns and community composition were investigated in the northern South China Sea using high-performance liquid chromatography and the CHEMTAX software from February 11 to 23, 2009. We recognized four different vertical distribution patterns of pigments: chlorophyll a (Chl a)-like type, divinyl chlorophyll a (DV Chl a) type, even distribution type, and surface type. The average value of ratios of accessory photo-protective pigments (APP) to accessory photo-synthetic pigments was 0.89±0.63 in the upper 50 m and 0.16±0.06 below 50 m depth. With increasing depth, APP decreased and photo-synthetically active radiation was attenuated. There was an obvious succession in the phytoplankton community from inshore to the open sea. Diatoms were dominant in the inshore region, while pelagophytes, Prochlorococcus, cyanobacteria and prymnesiophytes were dominant in the open sea. The vertical distribution of phytoplankton also differed greatly from inshore to the open sea. In the coastal and shelf region, diatoms were important components in the whole water column. Cyanobacteria also had a high abundance at the Subsurface Chlorophyll a Maxima (SCM) in the shelf region. In the slope and open sea, Prochlorococcus and cyanobacteria were important groups above the SCM, while pelagophytes dominated below the SCM.