On modelling the effects of afforestation on acidification in heterogeneous catchments at different spatial and temporal scales

A modelling approach is presented for simulating and predicting future changes in streamwater Gran alkalinity throughout a large, heterogeneous river system. The methodology is based on integrating End Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA), the Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments (MAGIC) and spatial data describing the catchment characteristics stored on a Geographical Information System (GIS). These are integrated within a Functional Unit Network (FUN) to predict the changes in Gran alkalinity resulting from possible future changes in atmospheric deposition and land use (low intensity afforestation) in the River Dee catchment, NE Scotland. Model results indicate that declining sulphate and constant nitrogen deposition, combined with low intensity Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) afforestation are unlikely to contribute significantly to streamwater acidification.     

Seasonal factors affecting egg production and viability of eggs of Acartia tonsa Dana from East Lagoon, Galveston, Texas

Egg production and hatching success were determined between March 1981 and March 1982 for the copepod Acartia tonsa Dana from East Lagoon, Galveston, Texas. During three-day experiments in the laboratory, field collected females were fed diets of (1) natural particles collected over the water column, (2) some modification of this and (3) the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. The latter served to isolate the effects of temperature and salinity from the effects of the natural particle diets on egg production. Specific rates of egg production, i.e. μg egg biomass/μg body biomass/time, were consistently higher per unit carbon than nitrogen.The influence of seasonal factors on egg production was compared. Salinity was inversely correlated with egg production, but had less effect than temperature. Positive correlations with temperature were always higher for specific rates per unit nitrogen than carbon. At 15°C, females produced 0·25 of their body carbon (or nitrogen) as eggs per day, whereas at 28°C, they produced at least their own biomass as eggs per day (up to 1·80). These high rates of A. tonsa were probably due to its reproductive biology and adaptation to the subtropical habitat as well as the high temperatures and food concentrations. The correlation between specific egg production rate and temperature was less with the natural particle diets than with the unialgal diet. This indicated that the quantity or quality of natural particle assemblages in East Lagoon influenced egg production. Egg viability was highest in the spring, but was not related to diet or the percentage of females with spermatophores.     

The temporal and spatial distribution of underwater quantum irradiation in a southern California kelp forest

The weekly integrals of underwater photon flux density were measured for a two and a half year period in a southern California kelp forest. Photon flux densities were lowest from January to April and peaked in summer. On average, about 2% of the surface irradiation reached the bottom (depth of 13·2 m in an area without a kelp canopy). Photon flux densities under a canopy of giant kelp were reduced by 70% compared to a nearby site cleared of kelp. A significant portion of temporal variability in underwater photon flux density was explained by vertical sediment flux. Surface irradiation did not contribute significantly to the variance in weekly values of underwater irradiation.     

Sedimentary sulfides in the Nearshore Georgia Bight

Sedimentary sulfide, iron, and organic matter were measured in neritic sediments from the Georgia Bight. The two measured depth integrated sulfur pools, FeS + HS⁻ and FeS₂, tended to decrease with increasing distance from shore out to 33 km. Total iron and organic matter were strongly correlated and both tended to decrease with increasing distance from shore. Sediment depth profiles of organic matter/reduced sulfur suggest relatively constant rates of sulfate reduction over the top 40 cm of sediment. Differences in within-station variance indicated regions of lower and higher spatial/temporal heterogeneity, that may be related to tidally driven circulation patterns. No seasonal cycles were evident in sedimentary sulfides.     

上海岸滩动力泥沙条件的年周期变化及其与滩均高程的统计显示

统计得出长江口口门附近和杭州湾北岸各3个断面全年各月的平均海平面、潮差、向岸风频率、向岸风风速、向岸风指数（频率和风速的乘积）、离岸风频率、离岸风风速、离岸风指数、各风向平均风速、6级以上大风日数、长江入海流量、长江入海输沙量和近岸水域含沙量等13个动力泥沙要素及滩地平均高程的年变化特征。采用线性回归和多元回归方法，对月均滩高和动力泥沙间关系做相关分析。结果表明：（1）海平面、潮差、向（离）岸风频率、向（离）岸风指数、长江入海流量和输沙量、近岸水域含沙量以及滩均高程都有明显的年周期变化规律；（2）除口门内的1个断面（C）外、其他断面的月均滩面高程均同海平面、潮差和长江来水来沙条件有较明显的负相关显示，同近岸水域含沙量有较明显的正相关显示；（3）风（浪）虽是潮滩短期（数天至数周）冲淤循环的控制因子，但在以“月均高程”为单元的年周期中，其信息显示受到其他因子的干扰而不够显著。由于某些动力泥沙因子间本身具有良好的相关性，它们同滩高间的相关关系有些是假象，这反映了纯数学方法的局限性和运用动力地貌、动力沉积学知识进行机制解释的必要性。结论有：淤泥质潮滩年周期冲淤变化的影响机制远较砂砾质海滩复杂；长江口口门附近和杭州湾北岸潮滩月均高程的年周期变化主要受岸外水体含沙量和海平面等因子控制。     

青岛沿海冬季观果木本植物

主要介绍了青岛沿海地区栽培和野生冬观果树木的种类，开花结果日期，分布状况，生长习性及用途。对栽培种在青岛市沿海新建城镇园林绿化中宜积极应用，野生种宜在沿海苗圃先进行引种驯化再加以推广使用。     

Spatial dynamics of estuarine water surface temperature from airborne remote sensing

This paper examines the applicability of airborne remote sensing to the characterization and quantification of the spatial dynamics of water surface temperature (WST) within estuaries. For this, a series of successive airborne Thematic Mapper thermal images was acquired of Kirkcudbright Bay, an estuary in the United Kingdom, on two dates. Spatial dynamics were determined by two techniques: (1) qualitatively, which involved interpreting features ‘by eye’; and (2) by the velocimetric technique of maximum cross correlation (MCC). Qualitatively, complex spatial dynamics were identified over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, associated with the creation and dissipation of eddies, and the convergence and divergence of fronts, all of which were superimposed on the synoptic tidal flow. MCC was effective for producing synoptic velocity fields, but the minimum cell size was constrained by image noise, limiting the ability to analyze small-scale spatial dynamics. The effectiveness of MCC was related to the ratio of spatially correlated variance to spatially independent variance, as estimated from the variogram. Suggestions for optimizing the application of airborne remote sensing to estuarine spatial dynamics are presented.     

Longshore currents of regular waves on different beaches

The experiment and numerical computations of longshore currents produced by regularwaves on the two beaches with the slopes of 1:100 and 1:40 are made. The cross-shore distributions of longshore current velocities and wave heights are given and the influences of wave heights, wave periods and beach slopes on the longshore currents are discussed. The discussion is also made for the influences of different eddy viscosity coefficients on the numerical results of longshore current velocities.     

Life Cycle, Demography and Secondary Production of the Polychaete Hediste ­diversicolor in a Non-Polluted Estuary in the Bay of Biscay

Abstract. Population dynamics and secondary somatic production data of a population of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor (O. F. Müller) are reported. Monthly samples were taken in a small muddy-sand flat in the Gernika estuary (Basque Country, North Iberian Peninsula) from May 1991 to May 1992. In addition to H. diversicolor abundance, temporal variation of the infauna and sediment conditions were analysed. Size measurements were employed to estimate H. diversicolor biomass and several cohorts were differentiated based on the size distribution. Secondary production was estimated based on cohort summation of growth increments following individual cohorts through time. Results are compared with those of other H. diversicolor populations located along the whole latitudinal gradient of distribution of the species.     

Studies on the population ecology of Upogebia deltaura (Leach) (Crustacea, Thalassinidea)

Upogebia deltaura was collected quantitatively and qualitatively between June 1980 and August 1982 from a level, sandy bottom at a 12 m depth in the archipelago of Lysekil (on Gullmarsfjorden) about 70 km north of Göteborg, in western Sweden. A total of 347 individuals were obtained. The deepest burrows reached a depth of more than 65 cm into the substrate. During the cold season, U. deltaura was situated much deeper in the substrate than it was during the summer, probably as a result of ‘hibernation’. The average density was 5·0 individuals 0·1 m⁻², and the maximum of 10 specimens was found in one 0·1 m² sample. Out of the 341 individuals identifiable as to sex, 186 (54·6%) were females and 155 (45·4%) were males. Berried females were found between May and August, and the average number of eggs carried was 4757. Ecdysis took place between May and August; most females moulted in the middle of June and most males about one month later, in mid July. The chelipeds of large males were proportionally bigger than were those of large females. Maximum total body length of the females was 65·7 mm, and that of the males was 65·3 mm.