A note on free and forced Rossby wave solutions: The case of a straight coast and a channel

The free Rossby wave (RW) solutions in an ocean with a straight coast when the offshore wavenumber of incident (l₁) and reflected (l₂) wave are equal or complex are discussed. If l₁ = l₂ the energy streams along the coast and a uniformly valid solution cannot be found; if l_1,2 are complex it yields the sum of an exponentially decaying and growing (away from the coast) Rossby wave. The channel does not admit these solutions as free modes.If the wavenumber vectors of the RWs are perpendicular to the coast, the boundary condition of no normal flow is trivially satisfied and the value of the streamfunction does not need to vanish at the coast. A solution that satisfies Kelvin's theorem of time-independent circulation at the coast is proposed.The forced RW solutions when the ocean's forcing is a single Fourier component are studied. If the forcing is resonant, i.e. a free Rossby wave (RW), the linear response will depend critically on whether the wave carries energy perpendicular to the channel or not. In the first case, the amplitude of the response is linear in the direction normal to the channel, y, and in the second it has a parabolic profile in y. Examples of these solutions are shown for channels with parameters resembling the Mozambique Channel, the Tasman Sea, the Denmark Strait and the English Channel. The solutions for the single coast are unbounded, except when the forcing is a RW trapped against the coast. If the forcing is non-resonant, exponentially decaying or trapped RWs could be excited in the coast and both the exponentially “decaying” and exponentially “growing” RW could be excited in the channel.     

中国南部沿海暴雨东风波特征及SST影响机制研究

分析1999—2013年影响我国南部沿海的东风波,可分为3类:偏南东风波、西行东风波以及近海东风波。太平洋副热带高压是影响3类东风波特征的关键系统,其西伸与北进直接引导东风波路径及活动位置。东风波的分类合成结构特征显示:强涡度中心指示东风波槽中心,强涡度中心通常位于850 h Pa及以下。东风波低层为强辐合场,槽后有整层的垂直上升区。偏南东风波波槽轴线随高度向西倾斜,西行东风波和近海东风波波槽轴线近乎垂直。合成诊断还显示,东风波的海上移动有向SST(Sea Surface Temperature,海表温度)大值趋暖的趋势。数值模拟证实,增强东风波槽前SST暖中心的强度,将引起槽区低层和槽后中层出现负变高中心,同时SST的增温将通过感热与潜热促使东风波槽强度加强,将进一步地增强东风波暴雨强度和雨带的北移。并增强中低层流场的气旋式气流成分,增强低层辐合场,维持深厚垂直上升运动层。典型西行东风波个例分析显示,螺旋度与东风波强度成正比,东风波纬向位温偏差显示东风波在热力场上具有"上暖下冷"的不稳定垂直结构。东风波涡度增强时,扰动动能向分层扰动位能转化。东风波强度减弱时,分层扰动位能向扰动动能转化。     

Microstructural analysis of faulting in quartzite,Assynt, NW Scotland: Implications for fault zone evolution

Macroscopic fracture arrays, microstructures and interpreted deformation mechanisms are used to assess the development of a minor reverse fault (backthrust) in quartzite from the Moine Thrust Zone, Assynt, NW Scotland. Fracturing dominates the faulting via the progression: intragranular extension microcracks; transgranular, cataclasite absent extension fractures; through-going, cataclasite filled shear microfaults, within which fracturing and particulate flow operate. However, both diffusive mass transfer (DMT) and intracrystalline plasticity (low temperature plasticity, LTP) processes also contribute to the fault zone deformation and lead to distinct associations of deformation mechanisms (e.g., DMT-fracture and LTP-fracture or low-temperature ductile fracture, LTDF). Over a large range of scales the fault zone consists of blocks of relatively intact rock separated by narrow zones of intense deformation where fracture processes dominate. The populations of fragments/blocks of different sizes in the fault zone have a power-law relationship which is related to the dimension of the fault zone. These observations are used to develop a general model for fault zone evolution based on the distribution of deformation features as a function of either time or space. A systematic variation in the deformation rate: time histories is recognised, associated with different positions within the fault zone. Thus, the fault zone preserves elements of the birth, life and death sequences associated with the displacement history and strain accommodation.Dedicated to the memory of Will Ramsbotham (1967–93).     

The distribution and population dynamics of O-group plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) on nursery grounds in the Firth of Forth

Midsummer (1 August) population estimates of about 2 million O-group plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) were derived for sandy bays around the Firth of Forth in 1979–1980. This is an order of magnitude less than similar estimates made for the Clyde Sea Area in 1973–1974. Autumn population estimates of 0·4–1·0 million fish were comparable to estimates by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food for the area between the Scottish border and Flamborough Head (2·3 million for 1970 and 1973) which represented 4·8% (1973) to 5·3% (1970) of the total number of O-group fish on the English east coast.Largo Bay was the most important nursery area holding 25% of the total population. It is particularly well situated to receive newly metamorphosed plaice carried in water currents along the north side of the Forth from the spawning ground off Fife Ness. Plaice in the Forth are mainly distributed on fine to medium sandy beaches (186–480 μm), the mean number per haul in midsummer (D) being correlated with the median diameter (m.d. in μm) of the low water sediments by the equation: D=−45·7666+0·2327 m.d. (n=11,r=0·68,P<0·02 but>0·01).The shallow inshore water in sandy bays in the outer Firth was well mixed and more marine than estuarine (27·7–35·0‰). The correlation coefficient between fish density and water temperature was low, while that with salinity (S‰) was: D=6·1618+0·2238S (n=23,r=0·62,P<0·005).Regression analysis demonstrated that the relationship between the instantaneous mortality rate (Z) and the initial population density (D_p) was: Z×100=0·7480+0·0546d_p (n=12,r=0·87,P<0·001).The mean mortality rate for the O-group plaice in the Forth nursery areas was 53% month⁻¹.     

Labor geographies in a time of early globalization: Strikes against Singer in Scotland and Russia in the early 20th century

This essay provides analyses of labor strikes at two early sites (first quarter of the 20th century) of the global production line – Singer Manufacturing Company’s factories at Clydebank, Scotland and Podolsk, Russia – and the labor management strategies that led to and resulted from these particular enactments of power. I focus on the degree to which Singer and its employees were embedded in local, regional and national contexts, and how and why workers’ agency mattered to the course of early globalization. I also suggest that such analyses provide significant understanding of how and why early global production was both different from and similar to contemporary globalization. By so doing, this analysis contributes to theoretical discussions concerning degrees of territorial embeddedness of transnational corporations, particularly in regard to changes over time as well as geographic scale, and adds historical nuance to theoretical questions concerning labor geographies under conditions of globalization.     

Identifying farmer attitudes towards genetically modified (GM) crops in Scotland: Are they pro- or anti-GM?

The GM debate in the European Union has been consistently presented as being conflictual and contentious, characterised as being polarised into those who are pro-GM and those who are anti-GM. This is largely based on the positions adopted by the public (consumers), non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and industry and corporate bodies. One group largely lacking from this debate is farmers, and yet their decisions about whether or not to cultivate GM crops will be crucial to the future of the technology in European agriculture. This paper reports findings from a study investigating farmers’ attitudes to GM crops in Scotland using Q methodology. Results reveal three discourses, one inclined to be positive towards the idea of GM and demonstrating an expectation of benefits, the second representing a more uncertain position, wary of the potential risks of the technology but likely to be reluctant adopters, and the third describing a group who demonstrate a somewhat fatalistic attitude towards the issue of GM technology adoption and impact. These findings contribute to the GM debate by elaborating the views of this important stakeholder group and suggest that they may be less profoundly pro- or anti-GM than other groups involved in the debate. This is significant if they represent the ‘middle ground’ between the biotechnology industry and the public.     

A 1900‐year paleohurricane record from Wassaw Island,Georgia, USA

We present here the first paleotempestology record from Wassaw Island on the Georgia Bight, located in the south Atlantic coast of the United States. In the historical period, the Georgia Bight has experienced less frequent hits by hurricanes than other locations along the US Gulf and Atlantic coasts. The 1900‐year record inferred from the overwash sand layers from a back‐barrier marsh on Wassaw Island suggests that the island was directly struck by major storms on nine occasions during this interval. The Wassaw Island record shows alternating regimes, with periods of increased activity from >2000 a BP until ～1100 a BP, and ～100 a BP until the present, sandwiching a quiet period from ～1100 to 250 a BP. Storm deposits from the most recent active period are perhaps amalgamated, indicating that site‐specific conditions may result in event undercounting and suggests that the relative thickness of sand layers in the sedimentary record is not always indicative of hurricane strength. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁生态评价与保护区建设

初步对小庙洪牡蛎礁滨海湿地生态系统评价,分析其多样性、代表性、稀有性、稳定性、自然性以及人类威胁程度等。为小庙洪牡蛎(礁)生态系统修复、保护和当地可持续发展提供科学依据,为江苏海岸带综合管理提供相应策略。     

Geochemical evidence of a near-surface history for source rocks of the central Coast Mountains Batholith,British Columbia

Major and trace elemental concentrations as well as Sr and Pb isotopic data, obtained for 41 plutonic samples from the Coast Mountains Batholith ranging in age from ～108 to ～50 Ma, indicate that the source regions for these rocks were relatively uniform and typical of Cordilleran arcs. The studied rocks are mineralogically and chemically metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and are mainly calc-alkaline. Initial whole-rock ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios range from 0.7035 up to 0.7053, whereas lead isotopic data range from 18.586 to 19.078 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.545 to 15.634 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 37.115 to 38.661 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb. In contrast to these relatively primitive isotopic data, δ ¹⁸O values for quartz separates determined for 19 of the samples range from 6.8 up to 10.0‰. These δ ¹⁸O values preclude the possibility that these melts were exclusively generated from the Mesozoic mantle wedge of this continental arc, just as the Sr and Pb data preclude significant involvement of an old (Precambrian) crustal/mantle lithospheric source. We interpret the high δ ¹⁸O component to represent materials that had a multi-stage crustal evolution. They were originally mafic rocks derived from a circum-Pacific juvenile mantle wedge that experienced a period of near-surface residence after initial crystallization. During this interval, these primitive rocks interacted with meteoric waters at low temperatures, as indicated by the high δ ¹⁸O values. Subsequently, these materials were buried to lower crustal depths where they remelted to form the high δ ¹⁸O component of the Coast Mountains Batholith. This component makes up at least 40% (mass) of the Cretaceous through Eocene batholith in the studied area. The remainder of the source materials comprising the Coast Mountains Batholith had to be new additions from the mantle wedge. A prolonged period of contractional deformation beginning with the Early Cretaceous collisional accretion of the Insular superterrane is inferred to have been responsible for underthrusting the high δ ¹⁸O component into the lower crust. We suggest that mafic rocks of the Insular superterrane (e.g. Alexander–Wrangellia) are of appropriate composition, and were accreted to and overthrust by what would become the Coast Mountains Batholith just prior to initiation of magmatism in the region.     

华南沿海第四纪类网纹红土的赋存层位及其年代问题

根据地质学、地貌学、沉积学、地球化学和年代学的研究,将华南沿海(南岭以南)不同时代的杂色粘土(暂称"类网纹红土")划分为基岩风化壳型和松散沉积风化壳型两种类型;将第四纪松散沉积系列中的杂色粘土划分为第四纪早期(年代为1.8～1.6 Ma BP)、中期(年代为1.0～0.8Ma BP)和晚期(年代为0.07～0.01 Ma BP)3个发育期;主要讨论了发育好、厚度大、分布广的第四纪中期杂色粘土与长江流域和西南丘陵区典型网纹红土之间在赋存层位、剖面结构和发育年代等方面的差别和存在问题,提出了需进一步研究杂色粘土-网纹红土的年代和发育规律及其反映的中国南方地质-气候环境演化规律等重要科学问题.