矿田与矿床构造研究演进态势浅析——纪念В.M.克列特尔教授《矿田与矿床构造》专著问世60周年(中译本58周年)

2016年是前苏联导师、矿田构造学奠基人В.M.克列特尔教授专著《矿田与矿床构造》问世60周年(中译本58周年),草撰此文以兹纪念。В.M.克列特尔教授早在20世纪40年代出版了首部《找矿勘探学》,于1956年又出版了《矿田与矿床构造》。1957年应邀来我国讲学,并为《矿田与矿床构造(中译本)》作序。他的讲学内容被整理成《普查勘探讲话》,并于1958年公开发表。В.M.克列特尔教授的论著在中苏(俄)两国广为应用、影响深远。笔者有幸于1956年师从В.M.克列特尔教授,攻读副博士学位,深受教益。五十多年过去了,回顾矿田构造学的发展历史,以"矿田与矿床构造研究演进态势浅析"为题,将其初步划分为四个阶段:Ⅰ.继承–萌发阶段(1930~1949);Ⅱ.创建–奠基阶段(1950~1969);Ⅲ.应用–发展阶段(1970~1989);Ⅳ.深化–完善阶段(20世纪90年代以后)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ两阶段主要论述В.M.克列特尔、ф.И.沃尔弗逊等前苏联构造学家对矿田构造学研究所做出的重大贡献;Ⅲ、Ⅳ两阶段论述了我国以翟裕生院士为首的研究团队对矿田构造学所做出的创造性贡献。最后,对铀矿田深部找矿研究谈了几点个人看法。     

Crystallization behavior of Na2SO4–MgSO4 salt mixtures in sandstone and comparison to single salt behavior

We report on the crystallization behavior and the salt weathering potential of Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄ and an equimolar mixture of these salts in natural rock and porous stone. Geochemical modeling of the phase diagram of the ternary Na₂SO₄–MgSO₄–H₂O system was used to determine the equilibrium pathways during wetting (or deliquescence) of incongruently soluble minerals and evaporation of mixed electrolyte solutions. Model calculations include stable and metastable solubilities of the various hydrated states of the single salts and the double salts Na₂Mg(SO₄)₂·4H₂O (bloedite), Na₂Mg(SO₄)₂·5H₂O (konyaite), Na₁₂Mg₇(SO₄)₁₃·15H₂O (loeweite) and Na₆Mg(SO₄)₄ (vanthoffite). In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to study the phase transformations during wetting of pure MgSO₄·H₂O (kieserite) and of the incongruently soluble salts bloedite and konyaite. Dissolution of kieserite leads to high supersaturation resulting in crystallization of higher hydrated phases, i.e. MgSO₄·7H₂O (epsomite) and MgSO₄·6H₂O (hexahydrite). This confirms the high damage potential of magnesium sulfate in salt damage of building materials. The dissolution of the incongruently soluble double salts leads to supersaturation with respect to Na₂SO₄·10H₂O (mirabilite). However, the supersaturation was insufficient for mirabilite nucleation. The damage potential of the two single salts and an equimolar salt mixture was tested in wetting–drying experiments with porous sandstone. While the high damage potential of the single salts is confirmed, it appears that the supersaturation achieved during wetting of the double salts at room temperature is not sufficient to generate high crystallization pressures. In contrast, very high damage potentials of the double salts were found in experiments at low temperature under high salt load.1     

青藏高原盐湖资源特点概述

青藏高原是我国重要的盐湖资源分布区,区域内盐湖资源主要分布在柴达木盐地和羌塘高原,具集中带状分布、资源储量巨大和共生特色资源三大特点。柴达木盆地盐湖总体上以富含钾、镁、硼、锂、钠为特点,称为钾镁盐湖;羌塘高原盐湖以贫钾,富含硼、锂、铯等为特点,称为特种盐湖。     

Subsurface geological-geotechnical modelling to sustain underground civil planning

The aim of the paper was to document the use of 3D subsurface geological-geotechnical modelling to optimise the planning and development of subsurface structures in city areas. The proposed procedure was applied to the analysis of the subsoil of the City of Turin (Northern Italy). The results of more than 300 boreholes were analysed to develop a model of the geological setting up to a depth of 60 m from the surface. The cementation variability of the alluvial sediments was also spatially described and the influence of this aspect on the soil excavation resistance was highlighted. In order to face the need of archiving, correlating and analysing a large amount of data, a 3D GIS (Geographical Information System) was used to better manage the model and to achieve a useful methodological reference that would be available for the planning and construction of future underground works.

A portion of the geological model, related to the centre of the city of Turin (Italy), was chosen to set up a more detailed geotechnical model, based on laboratory tests and back-analysis procedures, as data input for some engineering applications.

Two case studies were performed concerning:

– analyses used to forecast the subsidence induced on the ground surface by the excavation of the metro line;

– the influence of the works of the metro line on the new Underground Railway Link (interference between two important underground works).

A comparison between the forecasts of the degree of cementation, supplied by the 3D model along a metro tunnel tract, and the excavation specific energy effectively absorbed by the head of the boring machine is reported to testify the reliability of the model of the subsoil of Turin centre. This comparison shows the good reliability of the model and its potential to choose of the optimal boring machines for the future development of the Underground Metro System in Turin.     

Assessing the sustainability factors of traditional olive groves on Lesvos Island,Greece (Sustainability and traditional cultivation)

In Europe the process of agricultural engagement or disengagement is attributed to the economic factor and mainly on the level of alternative employment source development. It is the relational quality of economic, social and environmental factors that determine sustainability of agricultural holdings and, hence, households. In regions of poor agricultural structures and of many employment opportunities as well as in regions suffering from agricultural depression, households exhibit stronger tendencies towards agricultural disengagement. Remarkably in southern Europe a stable agricultural engagement and not disengagement is observed, even though in recent years there are limited possibilities of alternative income sources and prevailing agricultural depression. This article highlights the factors which lead households to stable engagement with agriculture in a region of southern Europe, the island of Lesvos. The island is characterised by traditional olive grove mono-culture, poor agricultural structures and limited employment opportunities. The investigation of the economic, social and environmental farm household characteristics concluded that in regions where poor agricultural infrastructure and lack of employment prevail, all three factors of sustainability contribute to stability and/or low agricultural disengagement. Among these, the economic factor is the most sensitive and hence highly influential. The social factor is highlighted as a quality and consistent factor due to the respect for tradition. The environmental factor, finally, is characterised by mild cultivation practices, contributing to environment conservation.     

贺兰山地区中元古代微生物席成因构造

贺兰山中段中元古界黄旗口组石英砂岩中发现丰富的微生物席成因构造（MISS）,包括由微生物席生长、破坏和腐烂过程形成的3种类型、9种不同形态的构造;与华北大红峪组发现的同类构造在成因类型与多样性方面具有很强的可对比性。砂岩中发育双向交错层理、冲洗层理、高角度单斜层理系和波痕,泥质粉砂岩夹层中发育波痕与泥裂,表明微生物席主要发育于潮间带上部至潮上带下部环境。MISS构造在华北地台长城系下部砂岩中的广泛存在表明在16 Ga前以蓝细菌为主的微生物群在环潮坪碎屑环境也很活跃,可能代表了微生物由海洋向陆地环境发展的过渡阶段。具光合作用功能的制氧蓝细菌的蓬勃发展可能是引发中元古代海洋化学条件发生转变、含氧量增高的重要原因,并为真核生物及宏观藻类的兴起创造了条件。研究表明,黄旗口组与华北大红峪组大致同时,反映了Columbia超大陆裂解期华北地台开始拉伸—张裂、缓慢沉降的构造古地理背景。     

鄂尔多斯西缘北段大型陆缘逆冲推覆体系

鄂尔多斯西缘北段是一个自中生代末以来形成的、结晶基底和早古生代大陆边缘沉积盖层同时卷入的巨型陆缘逆冲推覆构造体系。根据区域地层发育、变形岩石属性、冲断层几何学以及它们与联冲断层的关系,大体上可以分为不同形成阶段的3个冲断层构造组合,包括9个次级构造单元(B₁—B₇,B_N,B_S)。受冲断层运动自西向东的一致推进,整体呈现一个局部被近东西走向联冲断层切错、向东凸出的弧形:前端为陆缘褶皱冲断带;中部表现为一系列"原地"或"异地"推覆体和冲断席,发育低角度滑脱层和双冲构造;后部又被最晚期的冲断体叠置。侏罗-白垩纪为逆冲推覆构造的主要发展阶段,经历了3期主要的冲断层作用。第Ⅰ期发生在侏罗纪末,沿阿拉善—华北两类不同性质结晶基底之间的主滑脱面发生大规模冲断层作用,形成桌子山—岗德尔山褶皱冲断带。第Ⅱ期冲断层作用的持续位移,形成了具有上、下两个构造层的石嘴山—尖山大型异地推覆体,主滑脱面为石炭纪煤系地层,其中发育典型的双冲构造。新生代(距今65Ma)以来,印度—欧亚板块挤压碰撞和青藏高原早期向北推挤,加剧了鄂尔多斯西缘逆冲推覆构造的进一步发育,第Ⅲ期冲断层作用在东部陆缘褶皱冲断带形成了苏海图反冲构造的同时,在西部将异地推覆体下部的奥陶系再次推至地表。第Ⅰ期和第Ⅱ期冲断层作用累计位移幅度可能达到60~80km,第Ⅲ期冲断层作用的位移幅度为8km。相邻冲断席之间位移矢量的差异,通过近东西走向的联冲断层得到了调整。     

GIS and ANN coupling model: an innovative approach to evaluate vulnerability of karst water inrush in coalmines of north China

Evaporites, including rock salt (halite) and gypsum (or anhydrite), are the most soluble among common rocks; they dissolve readily to form the same types of karst features that commonly are found in limestones and dolomites. Evaporites are present in 32 of the 48 contiguous states in USA, and they underlie about 40% of the land area. Typical evaporite-karst features observed in outcrops include sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, and springs, whereas other evidence of active evaporite karst includes surface-collapse structures and saline springs or saline plumes that result from salt dissolution. Many evaporites also contain evidence of paleokarst, such as dissolution breccias, breccia pipes, slumped beds, and collapse structures. All these natural karst phenomena can be sources of engineering or environmental problems. Dangerous sinkholes and caves can form rapidly in evaporite rocks, or pre-existing karst features can be reactivated and open up (collapse) under certain hydrologic conditions or when the land is put to new uses. Many karst features also propagate upward through overlying surficial deposits. Human activities also have caused development of evaporite karst, primarily in salt deposits. Boreholes (petroleum tests or solution-mining operations) or underground mines may enable unsaturated water to flow through or against salt deposits, either intentionally or accidentally, thus allowing development of small to large dissolution cavities. If the dissolution cavity is large enough and shallow enough, successive roof failures can cause land subsidence and/or catastrophic collapse. Evaporite karst, natural and human-induced, is far more prevalent than is commonly believed.     

三维前方交会在大型金属网架结构中的应用

探讨了三维前方交会法在大型无支撑金属网架结构屋面施工的质量监测方法,并对实测数据进行了分析,结果表明该方法保证施工质量,达到设计要求,为今后的安全运营提供了可靠的依据。同时为大型无支撑建筑屋顶的变形监测提供了一种测量监测依据。     

Geothermal evolution of the Astrakhan Arch region of the Pricaspian basin

The Astrakhan Arch region contains one of the largest sub-salt structures of the Pricaspian basin, where perspectives for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in the Devonian to Carboniferous deposits are considered to be high. The paper addresses the problem of structural and geothermal evolution of the region deformed by salt movements. Initially, we developed a model of the regional structural evolution along a geological profile using the volume-balancing and back-stripping methods and geological constraints on the sedimentation, erosion, and paleo-water depths. Then we developed geothermal models (along the study profile) associated with the regional structural evolution. The models were constrained by the temperatures measured in four deep boreholes along the profile. We show that the present temperatures and heat flux are influenced by the presence of salt diapirs. Since the Early Carboniferous and till Middle Permian times, the temperatures predicted by the models vary significantly due to the regional transgression and the presence of seawater. The temperature of Devonian–Carboniferous carbonates increases since the Late Permian (time of post-salt deposition) and attains its maximum values in the SW-part of the profile. If the model assumptions concerning the constant vertical and zero lateral heat fluxes are valid, we can conclude that hydrocarbons are most likely to be generated in the SW-part of the region for the post-Early Permian time.