Incommensurate–normal phase transition in natural melilite: an in situ high-temperature X-ray single-crystal study

The structure of a natural melilite with chemical composition (Ca_1.87Sr_0.02Na_0.10K_0.02)_2.01(Mg_0.96Al_0.07)_1.03(Si_1.98Al_0.02)_2.00O₇ has been investigated by X-ray single-crystal diffraction methods within the temperature range 298–773 K. The values of the coefficient of the modulation wave vector were determined at 298 K, 323 K, 348 K, and 358 K. These values show a continuous linear decrease from 0.2833(6) at 298 K to 0.2763(9) at 358 K. The incommensurate phase undergoes a phase transition to the normal phase at 359 K. The refinements of the structure, carried out at 298 K, 348 K, 359 K, 373 K, 413 K, 463 K, 513 K, 573 K, 673 K, and 773 K, showed that the normal phase (high-temperature phase) does not significantly differ from the basic structure (the average structure of the incommensurate structure). This study confirms that in natural melilites with chemical composition close to that of åkermanite the wavelength of the incommensurate modulation increases when the temperature rises. The different behaviour of the q-vector as a function of temperature in natural and synthetic åkermanite is discussed.     

陆相湖盆沉积物滑塌变形研究进展

陆相湖盆中沉积物滑塌常造成复杂的同沉积变形,对确定古地震事件、古地形等有重要作用,系统研究滑塌变形体系有助于厘清变形成因、理解变形机理和深化区域构造背景认识。笔者等梳理国内外滑塌变形研究进展,总结沉积物顺坡滑塌的形成条件、滑塌变形特征,尤其是滑塌褶皱的形态演化、伴生构造、对古斜坡的指示、有关滑塌变形的物理模拟等,并结合野外变形成因的识别,探讨滑塌成因与后期构造成因变形的有效鉴别标志。综合分析认为,陆相湖盆滑塌变形与重力流沉积密不可分,单一滑塌体的褶皱形态从滑塌体后缘到前缘由圆柱状褶皱、紧闭等厚直立褶皱转变为蘑菇状褶皱,演化过程可划分为多个阶段。在滑塌褶皱中存在逆冲断层、碎屑脉体、不规则侵蚀面、软布丁构造等,引起滑塌变形的机制可分为应力作用机制和液化作用机制。物理模拟因其可改变材料物理参数的优势,可能成为未来滑塌变形的重要研究方向。指出在鉴别滑塌成因变形和后期构造成因变形研究中仍然存在较多争议,其中未固结沉积物的活化、再改造、生物扰动、液化现象的存在是确定软沉积物变形的关键,变形构造在大尺度、层系规模上具有相同的应力场并与区域构造背景相符合是后期构造成因变形的最有力证据。     

米草属植物盐沼湿地甲烷排放研究综述

米草属植物是典型的盐沼湿地优势种,在北美东海岸及墨西哥湾广泛分布,同时作为一种引入种或入侵种分布在西欧沿海湿地及我国广大沿海湿地,并有不断扩大其分布区面积的趋势,构成了全球沿海盐沼湿地的重要组成部分,也是全球重要的甲烷排放天然源。综述了国内外关于米草属植物盐沼湿地甲烷排放研究进展,包括米草属植物盐沼湿地甲烷排放通量、季节变化、甲烷的产生、氧化与传输以及影响甲烷通量的主要因子。     

西藏扎布耶盐湖水位波动规律初探

文章探讨扎布耶北湖1991年1月至2003年12月水位变化的季节性波动、长期变化和周期变动的规律。该湖水位的季节性波动在1991~1996年表现为单峰模式,高水位出现于4月,由冰雪与冻土融水补给引起;1997~2003年表现为双峰模式,高水位分别出现在4月和8~9月(雨季),反映近年来气温上升和降水增加的影响。数学模型表明水位波动表现出8.2年的周期,幅度达0.48 m。1991~2003年水位共上升0.25 m,但大多数年份表现出平均0.06~0.08 m/a下降趋势,1998~1999年的水位上涨是水位由单峰模式变为双峰模式转折点。     

“青海100万吨钾肥综合利用工程”工艺技术与安全生产分析（续完）

青海盐湖资源丰富,从单一钾肥产品向石油天然气与盐湖化工结合的下游产品发展,生产氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、乙炔、氯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、合成氨和尿素,实现循环经济和综合利用,"青海100万吨钾肥综合利用工程",势在必行。运用安全系统工程的方法,分析了所采用的工艺技术以及生产设施设备在项目投产运行后存在的主要危险、有害因素及其产生的危险、危害后果;提出了消除、预防或减弱危险性、危害程度的对策措施,以实现项目的本质安全和安全生产。     

Wave interactions with multiple-row curtainwall-pile breakwaters

In this study, a mathematical model has been developed that can compute various hydrodynamic characteristics of a multiple-row curtainwall-pile breakwater. To examine the validity of the developed model, laboratory experiments have been conducted for double- and triple-row breakwaters with various combinations of drafts of curtain walls, porosities between piles, and distances between rows. Comparisons between measurement and prediction show that the mathematical model adequately reproduces most of the important features of the experimental results. As a whole, the transmission coefficient decreases with an increase in relative water depth, whereas the reflection coefficient, normalized run-up and force exhibit an opposite trend in their variations. With fixed values of the draft of the curtain wall and the porosity of lower perforated part of the first row of a double-row breakwater, as these values of the second row increase and decrease, respectively, the transmission coefficient decreases, as expected. On the other hand, their effects on wave reflection, run-up, and wave force change with the relative depth. As for the distance between the rows, the transmission coefficient becomes a maximum when it is about one half of the wave length, suggesting that this condition should be avoided to achieve the advantage of the breakwater in reducing wave transmission. It is shown that for prototype breakwaters, on an average, the transmission coefficient would be smaller than 0.3 for wave periods less than 6.0 s, and it would be about 0.45 even for the wave period of 9.0 s, although there would be a variation depending on the geometry of the breakwater. It is also shown that wave transmission is significantly reduced by multiple-row breakwaters compared with a single-row breakwater, while the difference between double-row and triple-row breakwaters is marginal. Finally, engineering monograms are provided for double-row breakwaters to be used in practical engineering applications of the breakwaters.     

近南北向构造在塔里木盆地的踪迹

为厘清近南北向构造在塔里木盆地中的性质、地位和作用,笔者通过地质—地球物理分析,确认了以反转断层及相关褶皱为主导的挤压型构造是塔里木近南北向构造的主要表现形式。它发生发展于大陆内部,具有分布的广泛性和等距性、延伸的线性和断续性、纵深的陡倾性和穿透性、主断面的逆冲等特征。它的发育通常是基于先存的NS(—NNE)向张裂带和NNW(—NW)或NNE(—NE)向剪裂带,前者多演化为大、中型南北向构造,而后者多演化为中、小型南北向构造。近南北向构造的反转断层呈现为伸展—走滑—挤缩的演化顺序;最终定型于新生代;其驱动力主要源于太平洋—菲律宾板块向西的推挤动力。近南北向反转构造是种复合型的封闭性构造,对于石油和天然气地质研究,具有实际意义。     

东汤峪地质构造特征及其对温泉的控制

在东汤峪地区已有地质工作的基础上,进一步研究了区内地质构造特征,着重分析了山前断裂的构造特征及演化史,认为山前断裂经历了挤压和拉张交替作用的多期(次)活动过程;并探讨了该区温泉的构造控制因素,认为东汤峪温泉主要由区内山前断裂所控制。