盐湖水化学类型的判别分析研究

应用判别分析分类技术研究了盐湖水化学类型。结果表明,用统计分析方法筛选出的变量(X1～X8)对区分盐湖水化学类型有显著作用。考虑这些变量,依据判别分析分类技术建立了盐湖水化学类型的数学模型。其判别函数可以成功地对盐湖样品进行水化学类型的判别或预测。     

硼酸盐水溶液中硼物种的存在形式及影响因素

根据以往相关的研究报道,综述了含硼水溶液中硼物种的存在形式,及其与总硼浓度、溶液pH值、溶液离子强度、温度、压力等因素的关系。随着总硼浓度的提高,硼氧配阴离子的聚合度加大,在pH值较高或较低时,聚硼离子的含量较少,主要以H3BO3和B(OH)4-的形式存在;同时,指出含硼水溶液存在普遍的过饱和现象,我国含硼盐湖卤水中的硼物种可以用B4O72-的综合统计形式表示。总结了硼酸盐水溶液中各种硼氧配阴离子的FT-IR,Raman和NMR的归属。     

胜利油田东营凹陷中央隆起带断层封闭模式研究

东营凹陷中央隆起带断裂系统复杂,断层封闭性直接控制油气藏形盛分布及油气藏规模,封闭性强的断层附近可形成大规模油气藏,封闭性差的断层附近油气藏规模小,甚至无油气藏形成.以岩性配置封闭模式、主应力封闭模式和泥岩沾污带封闭模式3种最主要的封闭模式为例建立了东营凹陷中央隆起带断层封闭模式.定量分析评价了东营凹陷中央隆起带断层封闭性,认为东营凹陷中央隆起带封闭性断层的最佳断面正应力为40~50 MPa,封闭性断层的泥岩沾污因子常小于2.6.针对某一具体断层判断其是否具有封闭性需多方面综合分析,不可简单地进行单因素分析.      

亚洲大陆内部盐湖沉积特征、阶段性演化及其控制因素探讨——基于罗布泊LDK01深孔岩心记录

罗布泊位于塔里木盆地东端,地处欧亚大陆深腹地,罗北凹地则是罗布泊东北部的一个次级凹地。通过对罗北凹地LDK01深孔沉积物粒度、磁化率和地球化学的分析,并结合沉积物的岩性、盐类矿物形态特征和和组合类型、构造背景,对罗布泊地区第四纪成钾环境的阶段性变化规律进行探讨。研究表明,罗布泊地区早更新世以来依次发育了河流相、三角洲相、湖泊相-风成相等沉积体系,并呈现出明显快速的湖相推进和退缩交替的频繁变化,指示盐湖演化是干湿气候周期变化和湖盆周围山区淡水周期补给共同作用结果。第四纪时期罗北凹地发展并最终形成塔里木"高山深盆"中最深的次级凹地地貌,这是青藏高原隆升导致的向北挤压的必然结果,大地构造和环境的变化直接控制了罗布泊盐湖的构造演化和沉积体系的转变。罗布泊盐湖的演化大致可分为三个阶段:第一阶段为断陷阶段,早更新世以来主要沉积淡水河流湖泊相陆源碎屑物;第二阶段为坳陷阶段,中更新世中期发育膏岩湖相,以石膏等硫酸盐析出为主要特征;第三阶段为萎缩阶段,进入晚更新世,大量盐湖相钙芒硝沉积至全新世时期石盐等氯化物析出;上述三个阶段构成一个完整蒸发沉积构造旋回并于最终阶段中形成了超大型的钾盐矿床。     

吸附法分离盐湖卤水中锂的研究进展

锂及其化合物是重要的化工原料,因其优越和独特的性能,需求量逐年增加。锂矿床类型主要有锂辉石、锂云母、透锂长石等固体型和盐湖型等液体矿。固体锂矿经过多年开发,采富弃贫,品质已临近经济下限,开发利用盐湖卤水和油田卤水中的锂资源日益受到重视。中国盐湖资源丰富,主要分布在青藏高原地区。盐湖中蕴藏着大量的锂资源,广泛应用于能源、化工、高科技等工业生产及居民生活领域,为保障资源供给和能源安全,分离盐湖中的锂资源十分迫切和必要。锂分离技术有吸附法、膜法、化学沉淀法、萃取法、结晶法、浮选法等,这些方法各有优势和不足,而吸附法适用于低品位、高浓盐、高镁锂比盐湖卤水中锂的分离。为此,总结了有关吸附法(电吸附)分离盐湖卤水中锂的原理、进展和优缺点,并总结和提出其发展方向。     

大柴旦盐湖采卤区地层剖面盐渍土基本类型及其抗剪强度试验研究

选取柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖采卤区作为试验区,对区内地层剖面盐渍土的基本类型进行划分,即通过测定Na+、Mg2+、Cl-等易溶盐离子的方法,得出区内采卤区地层剖面盐渍土的主要类型是以亚氯盐渍土为主。在此基础上,对盐渍土进行扰动试样的室内直剪试验研究,以获取抗剪强度指标粘聚力c值与内摩擦角φ值。试验结果表明,该区盐渍土的含盐量由地表开始向下呈逐渐降低趋势,即由地表的6.89%降到地下4.5 m处的1.11%。粘聚力c值主要受试样含水量大小的影响,表现出随着含水量的增加,粘聚力c值呈降低现象,即当含水量由19.8%上升至23.3%时,粘聚力c值由35.4 k Pa下降至24.9 k Pa,下降率约为29.7%;而当含水量由23.3%下降至17.4%时,粘聚力c值则由24.9 k Pa上升至34.1 k Pa,上升率约为36.9%。内摩擦角φ值则受试样粒径影响相对较为明显,随着试样中粘粒含量的增多,粗粒含量相对减少,内摩擦角呈逐渐增大的趋势,即由24.1°上升至33.3°,增加率约为37.3%。随着试样中含盐量的增加,粘聚力c值和内摩擦角φ值均呈线性增加趋势。该研究成果将有助于进一步探讨含水量、颗粒大小以及含盐量对盐渍土试样抗剪强度变化的影响,且对区内盐田及其相应的基础设施建设有一定的理论指导意义。     

察尔汗盐湖地区盐渍土微观结构及其力学与强度表现

为探明察尔汗盐湖区盐渍土的微观结构特征及其力学与强度表现,从盐湖区采集9组不同含盐量的盐渍土样品,对盐渍土进行电镜扫描、直接剪切试验和抗压强度试验,从微观结构上分析了盐渍土的力学与强度表现,提出了察尔汗盐湖区盐渍土颗粒骨架的连结形式。研究结果表明,不同含盐量的盐渍土微观结构形式不同,盐渍土颗粒骨架之间的连结有3种形式:1)点式接触、2)堆叠接触、3)盐晶体胶结;微观结构越密实,盐晶体胶结作用越强,盐渍土表现出越高力学与强度特性;盐晶体的胶结作用是影响盐溃土力学与强度特性的显著因素;无侧限抗压强度显著变化的含盐量拐点为45.74%。     

Salt tectonics and Pliocene stratigraphic framework at MC-118, Gulf of Mexico: An integrated approach with application to deep-water confined structures in salt basins

Integrated tectono-stratigraphic interpretation at MC-118 using 3D seismic, well logs and biostratigraphy reveals an area dominated by allochthonous salt and its related structures. OCS-Block MC-118 is located 130 km southeast of New Orleans on the Gulf of Mexico middle slope in ∼2600 ft of water.The area is divided into three domains based on their structural styles: (1) a western domain consisting of a basinward-dipping normal fault family and associated strata; (2) a central domain composed of a landward-plunging diapiric salt tongue canopy and associated salt welds, two flanking NE–SW trending salt-withdrawal mini-basins, and a crestal fault family; and (3) an eastern domain comprised of basinward/landward-dipping normal and listric normal fault families with their associated rollovers. These structural domains are genetically-and-kinematically related to the salt structure and extend beyond MC-118 boundaries. The salt structure is postulated to have evolved mostly passive, with punctuated active episodes, and by lateral spreading. This is part of a larger regional structure, eastern Gulf of Mexico, which involves some amalgamation between small-scale salt canopies and salt diapirs although collectively they appear mostly disconnected.A Pliocene (3.13–4.95 Ma) third-order genetic stratigraphic sequence, the focus of this study, is as much as ∼3600 ft thick within the mini-basins and contains: muddy mass transport complexes; sandy slope fans; muddy turbidites and condensed sections; and transitional facies flanking the salt structure that collectively have ponded and wedged external geometries. Mass transport complexes and muddy turbidites and condensed sections make most of the studied genetic sequence in a mud-dominated deltaic setting eastern Gulf of Mexico.Facies kinematic indicators and a matching number of genetic sequences accounted on the sea level chart support a eustatically driven mini-basin sedimentation. Nonetheless salt still plays a role in sedimentation (secondary/minor) by slumping generated during passive/active salt diapiric evolution.     

Comparison of evolutionary and static modeling of stresses around a salt diapir

We compare an evolutionary with a static approach for modeling stress and deformation around a salt diapir; we show that the two approaches predict different stress histories and very different strains within adjacent wall rocks. Near the base of a rising salt diapir, significantly higher shear stresses develop when the evolutionary analysis is used. In addition, the static approach is not able to capture the decrease in the hoop stress caused by the circumferential diapir expansion, nor the increase in the horizontal stress caused by the rise of the diapir. Hence, only the evolutionary approach is able to predict a sudden decrease in the fracture gradient and identify areas of borehole instability near salt. Furthermore, the evolutionary model predicts strains an order of magnitude higher than the strains within the static model. More importantly, the evolutionary model shows significant shearing in the horizontal plane as a result of radial shortening accompanied by an almost-equivalent hoop extension. The evolutionary analysis is performed with ELFEN, and the static analysis with ABAQUS. We model the sediments using a poro-elastoplastic model. Overall, our results highlight the ability of forward evolutionary modeling to capture the stress history of mudrocks close to salt diapirs, which is essential for estimating the present strength and anisotropic characteristics of these sediments.     

A review of animal welfare implications of the Canadian commercial seal hunt: A critique

In a recent article in this journal (Butterworth and Richardson. A review of animal welfare implications of the Canadian commercial seal hunt. Marine Policy 2013;38:457–469), the authors argued that “generally accepted principles of humane slaughter cannot be carried out effectively or consistently during the Canadian commercial seal hunt”. The present review purports to show that these authors' conclusions were incorrect because they were highly selective in their treatment of the information available and made no attempt to consider other perspectives. In addition, their reliance on anecdotal video sequences to support some of their points was seriously flawed since a vast proportion of these sequences failed to meet fundamental criteria of scientific rigor. The article by Butterworth and Richardson [5] failed to provide an unbiased presentation of the available data and therefore did not bring further clarity to the debate on the Canadian commercial seal hunt.