Catastrophic and dangerous inflows to salt mines in Poland as related to the origin of water determined by isotope methods

 Tritium, ¹⁴C, δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and δD measurements indicated as early as 1973 the existence of inflows of modern meteoric water to the Wapno salt mine in a Zechstein diapir. In spite of these early warnings, the continuation of improper exploitation led, in 1977, to sudden flooding of the mine followed by catastrophic land subsidence. The lesson learned from that catastrophe, as well as the results of isotope investigations performed in the Inowrocław salt mine, led to the decision to flood the mine artificially in order to avoid a similar land subsidence. The Kłodawa mine was not regarded to be in danger of flooding due to a thick clay cap. In fact, a large number of usually short-lasting water occurrences had the isotopic composition characteristic for evaporated ocean water. However, since 1956 an inflow has existed with δ¹⁸O and δD values close to that of pre-Quaternary saline waters and brines in the Mesozoic formations adjacent to the diapir. Two other inflows have recently occurred with the initial δ¹⁸O and δD values of modern waters. As a consequence, the mine is regarded to be in danger, and the exploitation of salt in the areas of inflows has been stopped. The Wieliczka mine, southern Poland, exploits Miocene salts overthrusted together with the Carpathian flysch from the south. The most dangerous and catastrophic inflows were caused by human errors. Isotope data show the water to be of glacial or Holocene age stored in Tertiary, slightly cemented rocks of low permeability, which neighbor the mine from the north. Owing to specific geology, the mine has survived for a long time, in spite of relatively large and long-lasting inflows. However, its existence is in permanent danger. Received: 7 March 1997 · Accepted: 17 November 1998     

Sinkhole hazards along the eastern Dead Sea shoreline area, Jordan: a geological and geotechnical consideration

For the last four decades, the level of the Dead Sea has been subjected to continual variation which, among other important factors, has led to the occurrence of much subsidence and many sinkholes in the southern Dead Sea area. Sinkhole activities occurred repetitively and were observed in open farms, across roads, near dwellings and near an existing factory, thus causing a serious threat to the locals and farmers of the area and their properties. This paper presents the main results from detailed geological and geotechnical studies of this area. Aerial photo interpretation and borehole drilling aided these studies. Parallel geophysical investigations (vertical electrical sounding and seismic refraction) and hydrological and hydrogeological studies were made by others in the same area to also investigate this phenomenon. It was found that sinkholes are aligned to and follow old water channels and are concentrated parallel to the recent shoreline of the Dead Sea. The development of subsurface cavities is associated mainly with the variation in the level of the Dead Sea over the four past decades, the presence of regional salt intrusion under the surface of salt beds, the fluctuation of the water table and continuous dissolution and the active tectonism of the area. Moreover, this work showed that the area is still under active sinkhole hazards and other parts of the area will be inevitably affected by sinkholes in the future.No practical engineering solution to this problem is feasible. Received: 1 July 1999 / Accepted: 11 October 1999     

盐湖资源开发利用工程化研究之浅见

盐湖资源的开发利用 ,工程化研究是重要环节。该文从工程化研究的含义入手 ,就熟悉的工作举例总结和分析了以往工程化研究的概况 ,并再次提出了组建国家盐湖资源工程技术研究中心的建议。     

盐湖及相关资源开发利用进展（续二）

对近年来国内外盐湖资源开发利用的进展情况加以介绍 ,也涉及到国外钾、锂、镁、硼、碘等相关产品的生产、消费、价格等情况。还对资源开发的可持续发展以及我国盐湖及相关资源开发的某些问题加以讨论。     

库车坳陷西段出露盐体的溶解物理模拟

库车坳陷西段古近系库姆格列木群中分布着巨厚的盐岩层,喜山末期构造运动使得大量的盐体在库车前陆褶皱冲断带前缘被逆冲推覆至地表,遭受大气降水的溶解.除了平衡剖面恢复所得出的缩短量之外,盐推覆构造的逆冲推覆距离还应包括溶解盐体的厚度.通过采集研究区出露地表的盐岩样品,进行溶解物理模拟实验,估算自1.64Ma以来,研究区出露盐体的溶解厚度为3.969~14.727km.根据前人利用平衡剖面恢复所计算出该区的盐推覆构造的最大推覆距离为30km以上,从而得出该区的盐推覆构造的最大推覆距离为44.727km以上.     

西藏扎布耶碳酸盐型盐湖卤水相化学研究

中国盐湖资源丰富,且水化学类型齐全。西藏扎布耶盐湖位于西藏高原腹地,该湖卤水水化学类型为碳酸盐型,已处于盐湖演化晚期,是一个固液共存的盐湖矿床,具有很好的工业开发价值。笔者分别在15℃、25℃下对该卤水进行了等温蒸发实验,研究了在此两个温度下卤水中各元素富集行为和盐类矿物析出规律。并通过讨论其与国内外碳酸盐型和硫酸盐型锂盐湖的卤水蒸发路径和矿物析出异同,指出扎布耶盐湖具有其独特的卤水蒸发析盐路径。在本实验中低温有利于卤水中锂的富集,而高温有利于硼的富集,碳酸锂和钾盐交叉析出,低温时钾的矿物主要为钾石盐,高温时主要为钾芒硝,高温有利于获得高品位的碳酸锂混盐。     

拉果错盐湖卤水蒸发过程中Li+富集行为的分子动力学模拟(英文)

采用分子动力学模拟,研究了西藏拉果错盐湖卤水中阴、阳离子以及水分子间的相互作用行为。以盐湖卤水等温蒸发过程中粒子浓度变化的四个阶段为研究对象,分别计算了不同体系的扩散系数、配位数、均方位移和径向分布函数。计算结果表明,液相浓度越低时,H₂O分子对各离子之间的相互作用有抑制作用,液相中离子浓度越高时,SO₄^2-易与CO₃^2-竞争Li⁺形成离子对,从而影响盐湖卤水中Li⁺的富集。本文研究结果对盐湖卤水中Li⁺的迁移行为作出了机理解释,为盐湖卤水提锂的发展奠定了理论基础。     

艾比湖原核微生物菌群结构演变与环境因子关系分析

用非培养法获得新疆维吾尔自治区艾比湖湖底沉积物原核微生物菌群组成,并与已有盐湖原核微生物菌群数据进行比对,分析湖泊由淡水湖向盐湖演替过程中原核微生物群落结构变化规律。实验获得艾比湖原核微生物16S rRNA基因序列,并从NCBI数据库下载赛里木湖、柴窝堡湖和顿巴斯他乌盐湖3个湖泊的非培养原核微生物16S rRNA基因序列数据。用不同盐湖细菌和古菌16S rRNA序列信息构建系统发育树并与其理化指标进行典型性相关分析。同源比对及聚类结果显示,艾比湖湖底沉积物中细菌包括4个门,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占克隆文库的64%,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占9.4%,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占3.4%,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)占2.6%,此外含有未分类类群20.6%。古菌含有两个门,广古菌门(Euryarchaeota,98.3%)和盐纳古菌门(Nanohaloarchaeota,1.7%)。不同盐湖系统发育树结果显示,随盐度增加,盐湖细菌从变形菌门向拟杆菌门演替;古菌从奇古菌门和泉古菌门向广古菌门和盐纳古菌门演替。RDA结果显示,Na⁺、Cl-、SO₄2-和矿化度对盐湖原核微生物多样性结构起到决定性的作用,K⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺对艾比湖菌群结构影响作用最为显著。原核微生物群落会随着湖水盐浓度的增加和盐湖化学成分的不同而发生演替。     

内陆盐湖石盐流体包裹体均—温度指示意义的现代过程研究

Halite precipitation with water and air temperature was observed in detail, and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in halite formed in ancient and modem Chaka Salt Lake was studied. Halite precipitates mainly in August every year and largely precipitates between 13 and 15pm at one day when water temperatures reach 20℃ but can seldom reach 30℃. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in halite formed in Chaka Salt Lake range from 14℃ to 38℃ with an average of 23.7℃. The number of inclusions appears an obvious peak value at homogenization temperatures between 18 - 25℃, which probably represent the water temperature in which halite mainly precipitates when water temperatures reach 20℃. Therefore, homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in halite formed in Chaka Salt Lake can wall reflect the water temperature.     

呵叻盆地钾镁盐矿沉积特征及成因探讨

充分收集已有地质成果基础上，分析呵叻盆地沉积特征和成钾条件。详细论述呵叻盆地钾盐矿的赋存条件和产出特征，初步探讨钾盐矿的形成机理。