具有压敏特征的稠油油藏水平井产能分析

依据幂律流体在压敏油藏中的稳定渗流理论以及水平井远井和近井区域渗流场的描述,推导考虑幂律性特征的稠油在压敏油藏中3种流态并存的水平井产量计算公式.依据区域边界流量和压力相等的原则给出方程解法,最终可求得水平井的产量.通过计算结果与油田实际资料的对比,证明了该方法的有效性和实用性.对幂律指数、介质变形系数、启动压力梯度与水平井产量关系分析结果表明,稠油油藏水平井的产量与启动压力梯度和介质变形系数呈线性反比关系,随着幂律指数的降低,水平井产量快速下降.     

核磁共振测井在火成岩地层应用的适应性分析

火成岩岩石具有高磁化率特征,与沉积岩差别明显,岩石的高磁化率会对核磁共振信号产生显著影响,开展核磁共振测井在火成岩地层应用的适应性分析研究,为广泛使用核磁共振测井用于火成岩储层评价提供参考.采用理论模拟、实验分析及实际测井资料相结合的方法,分析了高磁化率岩石的核磁共振响应特征.分析结果表明,火成岩岩石具有很高的磁化率,从酸性火成岩到基性火城岩,岩石的磁化率一般是逐渐增大的.高磁化率岩石孔隙内部会产生强梯度磁场,孔隙内部的磁场梯度越强,核磁共振的T2谱前移越明显,核磁信号衰减幅度也越大,核磁分析孔隙度与常规分析的孔隙度误差也越大;相同岩石磁化率情况下,岩石孔径越小,岩石孔隙内部磁场梯度越强,核磁信号衰减越大,核磁共振测井计算的孔隙度也越低.因此,核磁共振测井与岩性有关系,核磁共振测井会受到高磁化率岩石的显著影响.核磁共振测井在部分火成岩,尤其在中基性火成岩和小孔径火成岩储层中应用具有很大的局限性.     

基于改进的小子域滤波的重力异常及重力梯度张量边缘增强(英文)

针对利用重磁资料增强地质体边界在图像中的视觉效果和提高地质解译的准确性问题,提出应用改进的小子域滤波方法对重力异常及重力梯度张量数据进行增强处理。根据滑动窗口子域平均选择原理,探讨了改进的小子域滤波方法在位场异常数据含有高斯白噪声时,不同窗口大小对地质体边界的识别效果及其在具有不同边界延伸方向地质体中的应用效果。模型试验结果表明,利用改进的小子域滤波对重力梯度张量数据进行增强处理,得到的地质体边界形态失真更小,且受滤波窗口大小、噪声以及地质体边界方向的影响较小;对深部场源体,通过增大滤波窗口的方式,可以较好地反映深部场源体的边界。结合黑龙江省虎林盆地重力异常以及计算的重力梯度张量的处理实例表明改进的小子域滤波法较传统的小子域滤波法增强了对断裂水平位置信息的识别。     

位场归一化差分法的边界检测技术

针对常规位场数据处理存在场源边界定位精度低和识别能力差的问题,提出了识别边界位置的归一化差分法。根据x、y、z 3个方向的差分算子与构造边界位置位场异常特征间的关系,给出了突出异常梯级带的n阶归一化差分表达式。单体模型试验表明：z方向和经90°相移的x、y方向的一阶差分可以对模型体边界位置的异常梯级带进行紧缩;一阶归一化差分的异常等值线较为集中地分布在模型体边界位置,说明对边界有一定的识别能力,但精度稍低。为此,采用二阶差分进行进一步试算。结果表明:3个方向的二阶差分在一阶差分的基础上进一步增强了对边界的识别能力,而且二阶归一化差分的异常梯度带与模型边界位置具有良好的一致性。含噪声组合模型重力异常对比分析表明：与常规边界识别方法相比,差分半径较小的二阶归一化差分对地质体的边界识别能力强、定位精度高;差分半径较大的二阶归一化差分在一定程度上可以解决噪声干扰的问题,且等值线梯级带可以相对地突出大型地质体的边界。在实例应用中,归一化差分法检测出了黑龙江虎林盆地28条断裂,其中13条断裂通过盆地已有单元构造格局和DB1线电阻率剖面得到了证实。     

Impacts of transportation arteries on land use patterns in urban-rural fringe: A comparative gradient analysis of Qixia District, Nanjing City, China

Integrated transportation and land use studies are of major interest to planners because they consider the interaction between transportation development and land use change. Quantifying the impact of transport infrastructure on land use change is necessary for evaluating the role of transportation development in the process of land use and land cover change in the urban-rural fringe. Taking Qixia District of Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China as a typical urban-rural fringe area, this paper analyzes the patterns and characteristics of land use change along three major transportation arteries using land use data from 2000 and 2008. We examine the spatial differentiation and gradient of land use pattern around railway, expressway, and highway corridors to investigate whether land use change in the urban-rural fringe is related to distance from transportation arteries and to clarify the varying impacts of different forms of transport infrastructure on land use patterns. We find that construction land generally tends to be located close to major transportation arteries, and that railways have the most obvious influence on land use change in the urban-rural fringe, while the impact of expressways was not significant. We conclude that there exists a causal relationship between the presence of transportation arteries and land use change in the urban-rural fringe, but this relationship varies across different types of linear transport infrastructure.     

Profile convexities in bedrock and alluvial streams

Longitudinal profiles of bedrock streams in central Kentucky, and of coastal plain streams in southeast Texas, were analyzed to determine the extent to which they exhibit smoothly concave profiles and to relate profile convexities to environmental controls. None of the Kentucky streams have smoothly concave profiles. Because all observed knickpoints are associated with vertical joints, if they are migrating it either occurs rapidly between vertical joints, or migrating knickpoints become stalled at structural features. These streams have been adjusting to downcutting of the Kentucky River for at least 1.3 Ma, suggesting that the time required to produce a concave profile is long compared to the typical timescale of environmental change. A graded concave longitudinal profile is not a reasonable prediction or benchmark condition for these streams. The characteristic profile forms of the Kentucky River gorge area are contingent on a particular combination of lithology, structure, hydrologic regime, and geomorphic history, and therefore do not represent any general type of equilibrium state. Few stream profiles in SE Texas conform to the ideal of the smoothly, strongly concave profile. Major convexities are caused by inherited topography, geologic controls, recent and contemporary geomorphic processes, and anthropic effects. Both the legacy of Quaternary environmental change and ongoing changes make it unlikely that consistent boundary conditions will exist for long. Further, the few exceptions within the study area–i.e., strongly and smoothly concave longitudinal profiles–suggest that ample time has occurred for strongly concave profiles to develop and that such profiles do not necessarily represent any mutual adjustments between slope, transport capacity, and sediment supply. The simplest explanation of any tendency toward concavity is related to basic constraints on channel steepness associated with geomechanical stability and minimum slopes necessary to convey flow. This constrained gradient concept (CGC) can explain the general tendency toward concavity in channels of sufficient size, with minimal lithological constraints and with sufficient time for adjustment. Unlike grade- or equilibrium-based theories, the CGC results in interpretations of convex or low-concavity profiles or reaches in terms of local environmental constraints and geomorphic histories rather than as “disequilibrium” features.     

Geographical extremes in the glacial history of northern Eurasia: post-QUEEN considerations

This paper summarizes the principal results produced by the European Science Foundation's programme, Quaternary Environment of the Eurasian North (QUEEN). These results concern the distribution of late Quaternary glaciers of different ages across northern Eurasia. The pattern of glaciation is compared with the west–east climatic gradient of the continent. Of particular significance is the coincidence of the Late Weichselian ice margin with the modern 30°C difference between the July and January mean air temperatures. The difference between west and east in the annual amplitude of air temperature did not decrease during the Pleniglacial. The asymmetry of the glacial history suggests a progressive aridification of the Eurasian North, with the result that by marine isotope stage 2 significant ice volumes could only accumulate along the Atlantic seaboard. The different climatic signals of thermochrons and cryochrons of the extreme west and east of the continent are discussed. The growth of continentality eastwards restrains the applicability of pollen proxies for climatic reconstructions.     

土地利用变化的地形梯度特征与空间扩展——以北京市海淀区和延庆县为例

选择北京市海淀区、延庆县作为研究区,利用1992年、2002年遥感影像数据,借用地形位梯度指数,研究了土地利用变化的地形梯度特征及其空间扩展形势。研究表明:(1)海淀区建设用地受到经济和社会发展驱动明显,表现出既向低地形梯度位也向高地形梯度位扩展;但农业用地、果园因建设用地扩展受到挤压,表现为向更高地形位扩展态势;林地在高地形位得到了明显恢复,也有向更低的地形位扩张的趋势,但灌草地和未利用地在中高地形位受到林地挤压,低地形位受到农业用地、果园挤压,优势地形位明显萎缩;(2)延庆县建设用地扩展受地形位驱动作用明显,主要集中在低地形位区域;农业用地主要分布在较低地形位上,变化不大;果园在经济发展需求驱动下,向更高地形位扩展;林地在较高地形位得到较好恢复,对灌草地、未利用地产生了挤压作用,使得灌草地、未利用地在中高地形位的优势度降低,优势分布区间趋于萎缩。     

可控源音频大地电磁三维共轭梯度反演研究

可控源音频大地电磁法在资源勘探等领域中发挥着重要的作用.我们把有限差分数值模拟方法用于可控源音频大地电磁三维正演,结合正则化反演方案和共轭梯度反演的思路,将反演中的雅可比矩阵计算问题转为求解两次"拟正演"问题,得到模型参数的更新步长,形成反演迭代,实现了可控源音频大地电磁三维共轭梯度反演算法.该反演算法可用于对有限长度电偶源激发下采集到的可控源音频大地电磁全区(近区、过渡区和远区)视电阻率和相位资料进行三维反演定量解释,获得地下三维模型的电阻率结构.理论模型合成数据的反演算例验证了所实现的可控源音频大地电磁三维共轭梯度反演算法的有效性和稳定性.     

设定场源参数的区域重力微变化特征与模型实验

流动重力测量作为地震前兆监测手段之一, 所得到的区域重力场微变化信号反映地壳内部密度变化、 地壳变形、 流体运移等信息。 采用定量化和模型化方法研究与地震孕育相关的重力场变化信号时空特征, 对于构建地震预报定量化指标体系具有重要意义。 通过设定场源参数构建了数值模型, 正演得到了多组不同场源条件下的重力场变化模型; 通过模型对比, 分析了重力变化与重力梯度变化对不同类型场源参数的关系。 研究结果表明: 重力垂直梯度变化对异常体边界比较敏感, 特对浅部异常更为敏感, 适用于圈定异常体范围。 以此为基础提出了观测系统的优化测量方案, 以及对观测精度的需求。 研究结果对于构建地震预报指标参数, 优化流动重力观测系统具有一定参考意义。