Generation of Late Cretaceous silicic rocks in SE China: Age, major element and numerical simulation constraints

Rhyolite-dominating bimodal volcanic suites (rhyolite/basalt), mafic dikes and A-type granites distribute from N Zhejiang to S Fujian over 800 km in the Southeast Coast Magmatic Belt (SCMB) – the Late Yanshanian (LY) orogenic belt in SE China. Data of ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and K–Ar whole-rock ages and LA-ICPMS U–Pb zircon ages indicate that rhyolitic volcanism (101–72 Ma) is contemporaneous with the A-type granitic intrusions (100–90 Ma) and mafic dike injections (94–77 Ma). This time span is used to define the upper volcanic series in Zhejiang–Fujian areas. One striking feature of rhyolites in the SCMB is that many are strongly peraluminous (SP) and others, mostly restrict in Fujian, are peralkaline to mildly peraluminous (P-MP) and chemically resemble A-type granites. The SP character is unique among well-known large rhyolite provinces worldwide. Based on experimental works for a common thermal regime and inherited zircon age information, we suggest that SP and P-MP rhyolites represent low pressure melting of the felsic (quartzofeldspathic) granite (±metapelite) and the accompanied granodioritic, tonalitic and trondhjemitic member of the core complex assemblage, respectively, to account for the decreasing aluminosity. They could have also been contaminated by young igneous rocks, and ancient crust to a lesser degree, during ascent to the surface. Plate subduction and lithosphere extension processes, respectively, are numerically simulated for the magma generation of these rhyolites using the mafic underplating model. Results suggest that the most effective controlling factor to generate SP and associated P-MP (A-type) magmas during 95–80 Ma is thinning of the lithosphere thickness with a high exhumation rate. Under this circumstance, the core complex assemblage can be uplifted to lower level of the crust and match the constraint of experimental works.     

Application of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) for determination of the engineering parameters of sandy soils

Determination of the in situ engineering properties of foundation materials has always been a challenge for geotechnical engineers and, thus, several methods have been developed so far. Dynamic Cone Penetration (DCP) test is one of the most versatile amongst them. In the present research, a light weight simple DCP device was developed and used for evaluation of the engineering properties of sandy soils in laboratory conditions. The device consisted of an 8-kg hammer that drops over a height of 575 mm, and drives a 60° cone tip with 20 mm base diameter into the ground. To control the validation of the results, laboratory direct shear and plate load tests were used as reference tests. The soil sample was a poorly graded sandy soil (SP) taken from alluvial deposits of the Tehran plain. All DCP tests and PLTs were undertaken on compacted soil in a mould with 700 mm diameter and 700 mm height. Based on the results of the experiments, the relationships between Dynamic Penetration Index (DPI), relative density (D_r), modulus of elasticity (E), shear modulus (G), modulus of subgrade reaction (K_S), and the friction angle of the soil were obtained with a high coefficient of determination (> 90%). The repeatability of the test results was also evaluated by calculating the coefficient of variations (C_v), which was less than 30% for all tests.     

油气电法勘探综述

在直接找油气的物探方法中，电法作为一类重要的非地震地球物理方法，越来越受到人们的重视与关注。本文对其中几种主要的方法，如激发极化法、电场差分法和自然电场法等，从原理、发展概况和应用效果方面进行了简要论述。另外，对用来解决地质构造问题的非直接找油气的建场测探法、大地电磁法和可控源音频大地电磁法等，本文也作了扼要介绍。     

位场正则化下延在自然电位概率成像中的应用

通过位场正则化向下延拓方法,弥补自然电位法对于地下全空间信息反映不足的客观缺陷,改进仅通过地表数据成像而导致的深度不灵敏状况。在模型分析中,新方案的成像结果和真实模型非常吻合。对于实测资料解释,新方案的处理结果在横向上符合实测数据的异常反映,同时还能够准确的给出地下半空间的纵向信息。     

自然电位法寻找油气藏效果及影响因素

本文根据自然电位寻找油气藏的机制,以两个工作区实例说明了自然电位寻找油气的效果,同时提出了野外数据采集中的几种主要干扰因素。     

火山岩地区勘探地下水过程中自然电位异常的解释

当利用自然电位法（ＳＰ法）在火山岩地区勘探地下水时，发现负的自电异常大小与地下非饱和区厚度之间存在一个线性关系，从理论上对该经验关系进行了探讨，并提出对这一水文地质问题的自电测量解释方法，最后给出法国中央高原ＬａＣｈａｉｎｅｄｅｓＰｕｙｓ地区的勘探结果。     

地层水矿化度检测的地球物理测井方法

传统的水文地质研究方法在进行地下水的矿化度评价时，是通过地层水的取样进行室内分析化验，确定含水岩组中地层水的矿化度，目前，在利用已有的地质、地球物理资料进行西部地下水资源评价的研究中，鉴于大多数石油井不含有浅层地层水的水样化验资料，因而本文介绍一种利用石油测井数据（主要为自然电位曲线）计算地层水矿化度的方法，并将之应用于鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地地层水的矿化度估算，方法研究和应用实例证明这种方法是较为可靠的，虽然求取的地层水的矿化度的数值存在一定的误差，但完全可以满足地层水矿化度分级评价的需求，从而开发了石油测井数据在水文地质中的应用，也降低了单纯利用水文取样，由于样点少，矿化度预测精度低的缺点。     

Assessing the contribution of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and self-potential (SP) methods for a water well drilling program in fractured/karstified limestones

ERT and SP investigations were conducted in carbonate rocks of the Dinant Synclinorium (Walloon Region of Belgium) to find suitable locations for new water wells in zones with little hydrogeological data. Since boreholes information needed to be representative of the area, large fractured zones were searched for the drillings. Large ERT profiles (320 to 640 m) allowed us to image the resistivity distribution of the first 60 m of the subsurface and to detect and characterize (in terms of direction, width and depth) fractured zones expected to be less resistive. Data errors, depth of investigation (DOI) indexes and sensitivity models were analyzed in order to avoid a misinterpretation of the resulting images. Self-potential measurements were performed along electrical profiles to complement our electrical results. Some negative anomalies possibly related to preferential flow pathways were detected. A drilling campaign was conducted according to geophysical results. ‘Ground truth’ geological data as well as pumping tests information gave us a way to assess the contribution of geophysics to a drilling program. We noticed that all the wells placed in low resistivity zones associated with SP anomalies provide very high yields and inversely, wells drilled in resistive zones or outside SP anomalies are limited in terms of capacity. An apparent coupling coefficient between SP signals and differences in hydraulic heads was also estimated in order to image the water table.     

Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues

Conventional sectoral management and piecemeal governance are considered less and less appropriate in pursuit of sustainable development. Ecosystem based marine spatial management (EB-MSM) is an approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem, including human uses, rather than considering single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine spatial planning and ocean zoning are emerging concepts that can support EB-MSM. EB-MSM is driven by high-level goals that managers aim to achieve through the implementation of measures. High-level goals and objectives need to be translated into more operational objectives before specific targets, limits and measures can be elaborated.Monitoring, evaluation and adaptation are necessary to ensure that marine management measures are both effective and efficient. Solid monitoring frameworks are the foundation of adaptive management, as they provide the necessary information to evaluate performance and the effectiveness of management actions. Marine protected areas (MPAs) - possibly set up in networks - constitute a key component in EB-MSM policies and practises and have been applied as a cornerstone in conservation of marine biodiversity, management of fish populations, development of coastal tourism, etc. Moreover, MPA experiences have provided methods and concepts (such as zoning) to a wider EB-MSM context. The assignment of values to biophysical features of the marine environment allows the direct assessment of related management choices and may assist EB-MSM.A range of monetary valuation techniques have been proposed to reduce attributes of goods and services to a single metric. However, in the marine environment such an approach is often over simplistic, and thus less reductive techniques may be necessary. Rather than producing a single metric, the results of non-monetary assessments guide policy allowing weight to be given as necessary to potential areas of conflict and consensus.Strategies to take into account climate change effects and geohazard risks in EB-MSM have been applied or proposed worldwide. EB-MSM regimes must be alert to such risks and flexible to account for changes.     

大气对地球自转变化的影响-方法和数据的深入分析

大气相对固体地球的运动产生大气相对角动量，它的变化可以激发地球自转多时间尺度的变化．计算大气相对角动量现在采用两种不同的垂直积分高度，一种为从地形表面积分到顶层大气，称之为SP方法；另一种为从1000hPa积分到顶层大气，称之为BP方法，对采用这两种方法所得到的大气相对角动量进行了详细的比较．应用欧洲中距气象预报中心（ECMWF）和美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）大气再分析数据，重新研究了大气相对角动量变化的时空特征．通过对大气相对角动量季节平均，季节振幅和时空特征的分析，得出ECMWF和NCEP的大气相对角动量变化对地球自转周年极移的影响，在亚洲季风区域和南极洲区域差别最为明显．