青海软玉水线的物相分析和微观形貌研究

通过对青海软玉与其中的水线进行X粉晶衍射（XRD）、显微镜和扫描电镜（SEM）分析结果表明：青海软玉中水线的主要矿物成分与主体是一致的,均为透闪石,且含量更高、结晶度更好。显微镜和扫描电镜下观察水线与主体部分呈突变接触,水线中的透闪石晶体为细长纤维状,具有明显的定向性。较高的透闪石含量和定向紧密排列的显微纤维构造是造成水线透明度较高的主要原因,同时这种结构还使其韧性降低。     

青藏高原沱沱河地区新生代湖相白云岩特征及其环境意义

青藏高原中部新生代湖泊发育普遍.对该时期形成的湖相白云岩特征的研究对于了解当时及此后青藏高原的环境演化进程具有重要意义.笔者主要利用XRD、SEM及薄片观察方法对沱沱河地区两个剖面的白云石特征进行了研究,分析了白云石有序度、晶形及白云石中碳酸钙摩尔浓度三者之间的关系,并根据白云石的矿物学和岩石学特征以及野外宏观岩层组合特征对白云岩的成因作出了判断,进而联系同一时期高原内部以及周边地区的构造运动导致的环境变化,对剖面所代表地区沉积时的环境变化作了解释.     

旅游目的地传统风俗影响因素与模型构建——以喀什地区为例

 随着旅游业发展的日渐成熟,旅游研究定性分析的局限性也日渐显示出来,成为制约当今此类研究的瓶颈。基于上述考虑,通过结构方程模型的定量分析,以喀什地区为示例,研究了旅游目的地家庭文化、道德规范、价值观念等影响因素对传统风俗的影响。结果表明：价值观念对传统风俗的影响显著,家庭文化、道德规范对传统风俗的影响并不显著,而是通过对价值观念产生正向和反向影响,外化为人们的行为方式间接对传统风俗产生影响。从而,为相关研究的定量分析进行了有益的探索与尝试。     

定量确定中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔榴辉岩磷灰石中出溶体的组成:扫描电镜能谱分析(EDS)的应用

在不同类型变质岩和超基性岩的造岩矿物(如橄榄石、石榴子石、绿辉石等)中都发现了大小不一的固态出溶体。对大小仅为几个微米的出溶体,利用常规方法,电子探针、拉曼光谱等很难定量地确定它们的化学组分,严重地限制了对这些出溶体的地球化学动力学意义的认识。在最近的一系列研究中,发现榴辉岩中磷灰石含大量的出溶体,这些出溶体是平行于磷灰石C轴出溶的含铁、铜、铅等元素的硫化物。采用扫描电镜能谱分析(EDS)的点分析和线扫描技术,确定出溶体的主要组成元素,然后通过扣除磷灰石对所分析出溶域的贡献,能较准确地确定这些出溶体的化学组分,主要为FeS和FeS2。这些实验结果表明,利用扫描电镜的能谱分析(EDS)技术,通过点分析和线扫描,能够较精确地测量与母矿物之间化学成分差异较大的出溶体的化学组成。本文所提出的处理方法也适用于电子探针。     

湖滨带开发利用对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响:以洪泽湖为例

湖滨带是湖泊与陆地生态系统间非常重要的生态过渡带,能够保障周围生态系统结构的完整以及功能的正常发挥.随着湖滨带被持续开发与利用,人为干扰对湖滨带的影响逐渐增强.大型底栖动物是淡水生态系统的重要生物类群之一,也是物质循环和能量流动的主要环节,起着承上启下的关键作用.为了解湖滨带开发利用对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响,2020年8月对洪泽湖湖滨带49个样点的大型底栖动物进行调查.共采集到大型底栖动物49种,隶属3门7纲17目26科44属,各样点大型底栖动物的密度差别较大,介于6.67~1386.67 ind./m²之间,整体上呈现西北高,东南低的趋势.相似性分析结果表明,河口型湖滨带和大堤型湖滨带与其他类型湖滨带差异显著,而围网型、圈圩型和光滩型3种湖滨带类型之间的大型底栖动物群落差异均不显著.相似性百分比分析结果表明,腹足纲的环棱螺属是造成不同湖滨带类型差异的主要物种.典范对应分析结果表明,悬浮物（SS）、溶解态总氮、pH、透明度（SD）、浊度、水生植物盖度和扰动指数对大型底栖动物群落有显著影响.考虑不同湖滨带宽度的开发利用情况,发现湖滨带开发利用200 m范围内,物种-环境解释率最高,说明200 m湖滨带范围内的开发利用情况对大型底栖动物的影响最大,对湖滨带200 m范围内的开发利用应该加强管控.结构方程模型表明湖滨带开发利用主要通过影响水生植物盖度、总氮、硝态氮、叶绿素a、SS、SD等进而影响大型底栖动物,且围网也会直接影响大型底栖动物群落结构.     

Method for observation of deembedded sections of fish gonad by scanning electron microscopy

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｉｎｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆａｃｅｌｌｃｏｕｌｄｂｅｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｂｙｕｓｉｎｇｓｃａｎｎｉｎｇｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ(ＳＥＭ)ａｎｄｔｈｅｆｒｅｅｚｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅ .Ｅｘｐｏｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｅｌｌｓｕｒｆａｃｅｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｄｉｒｅｃｔａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ .Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅ,ａｌｌｅｘｐｏｓｅｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｓｃｕｔｏｐｅｎｄｕｒｉｎｇｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｃｏｕｌｄｂｅｖｉｅｗｅｄｂｙＳＥＭ (Ｒｕｓｓ…     

胶州湾李村河口沉积物中重金属分布特征及其控制因素

对胶州湾李村河口4个站点沉积物中的酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)以及同步提取金属元素(SEM,包括Cu,Cd,Ni,Pb和Zn)的含量进行测定,以研究重金属元素在河口海湾沉积物中的分布特征及影响其分布的因素。结果表明,J1站表层沉积物中同步提取金属含量高于其它站点;除J1站外其他站点的同步提取金属的总量随沉积物深度变化范围不大;J1站的SEM/AVS比值始终小于1,其他站点SEM/AVS比值只在沉积物浅表层大于1。此外,AVS和同步提取Fe的含量对沉积物中同步提取金属的分布有着重要影响,其他的因素如有机质的含量等也会对沉积物中同步提取金属的分布产生影响。     

Identification of Microfabric of Kaolinite Clay Mineral Using X-ray Diffraction Technique

A new method is introduced in this study to identify the microfabric (geometric arrangement of platelets) of cohesive soil using standard X-ray diffractometer. Various sampling techniques are used to prepare the Kaolinite clay samples with different microfabrics to assess the consistency and versatility of the proposed method. This method is based on identifying the presence of basal and prism peaks from the X-ray diffraction pattern and corresponding relative intensity values. The present study also demonstrates the conditions for which Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) are not capable of accurately identifying the microfabric of cohesive soils. The method proposed in this study uses relative amplitudes of basal and prism peaks avoiding difficult sample and surface preparation procedures, as used by previous researchers in their microfabric identification methods. The proposed method is found to be a rapid and accurate method for identifying the microfabric of Kaolinite clay and should prove to be valuable for routine implementation for studying structured natural clays.     

Phase Transformations and Proton Promoted Dissolution of Hydrous Manganite (γ-MnOOH)

The objective of this study was to describe the proton promoted disproportion of synthetic manganite (γ-MnOOH) and to characterise the resulting phase transformations. The solution and remaining solid phase after disproportionation was analysed by techniques including atomic absorbance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In suspensions with pH between 5 and 7, −log[H⁺] was monitored for 17 months and equilibrium constants were determined at 9, 12 and 17 months of reaction time for the following reaction (25 °C, 0.1 M (Na)NO₃):

Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag in the production of a hydraulic cement binder

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag is a major waste product generated during the steelmaking process. In India and in most industrial countries, the use of BOF slag as a road ballast and land filler has had a very long history. This being a low end use, a study was conducted to examine the possibility of converting the slag into a hydraulic binder. This paper describes the effect of cooling rate on mineralogy and cementing characteristics of normal BOF slag as well as iron oxide-devoid BOF slag. Specifically, the mineralogy and compressive strengths of heat-treated slags were compared with a conventional ordinary Portland cement. It was found that the slowly cooled slags did not show any cementing properties. The iron oxide-devoid slag, on slow cooling, disintegrated into fine powder. The water-cured cubic specimens of quenched slag products were tested for their compressive strengths. The cementing properties of the quenched slag products were improved by formation of hydraulic phases and showed considerable strength after 28 days of water curing.