Delegating, not returning, to the biosphere: How to use the multi-scalar and ecological properties of cities

Our aim is to theorize the shifting relationship between cities and the biosphere in ways that can incorporate vanguard scientific, technical and social innovations. We specify that the city (a) generates third natures - specific new environments - such as heat islands, that today are destructive of the biosphere, and (b) that the city has systemic properties that correspond to those of the biosphere, but today are mostly flattened out of action through the ruptures that dominate today's articulation between cities and biosphere. That is to say, our specific project agrees with the problematizing of the category “nature,” which pertains to our presence in the biosphere. But we do not take Harvey's more absolute statement that the city itself is nature nor do we confine our analysis only to Latourian natures-cultures. Our analysis is less centered in the work of correcting a false binary, as is the case with both Latour and Harvey, notwithstanding their different objects of study. We focus on the complex in-between space that is the site of both the transactions between city and biosphere, as well as the site of the ruptures that characterize these transactions.     

2022年6月1日四川芦山6.1级地震应急产品及震源参数初步分析

北京时间2022年6月1日17时0分四川雅安市芦山县(30.37°N,102.94°E)发生6.1级地震,中国地震台网中心于震后3min发布自动速报结果、震后9min发布正式速报结果,同时联合多家单位启动地震应急产品产出工作,共产出震源参数、历史地震、地震构造、震源机制、余震精定位、推测烈度和震源破裂过程等9类应急产品。结果显示,本次地震发生在龙门山断裂带,位于青藏高原巴颜喀拉地块、岷山构造带、川滇构造带的交汇处;震源机制解表明该地震为一次逆冲型事件;余震精定位结果显示余震展布呈近NE向,与震中区域断裂走向基本一致;烈度速报推测极震区烈度达Ⅸ度,区域面积约2km²,Ⅷ度及以上区域总面积约197km²,涉及四镇一乡。     

2022年9月5日四川泸定6.8级地震初步研究结果

北京时间2022年9月5日12时52分四川甘孜州泸定县(29.59°N,102.08°E)发生6.8级地震,中国地震预警网于震后6.1s产出首报预警结果;中国地震台网中心于震后3min发布自动速报结果,震后11min发布正式速报结果,同时联合中国地震局地球物理研究所、地质研究所、地震预测研究所和应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院启动地震应急产品产出工作,共产出震源基本参数、历史地震、地震构造、地震矩张量、余震精定位、地震烈度和震源破裂过程等9类应急产品。结合上述应急产品,对本次地震进行了研究,初步刻画了地震的构造环境、震源特征、断层形态和受灾区域,并分析了地震成因。结果表明,本次地震是发生在鲜水河断裂带南东段雪门坎—磨西断裂上的一次倾角近直立的走滑型事件,自起始破裂点向南东破裂,破裂长度约20km,最大滑移点深度约6km。余震精定位结果显示余震呈NW—SE向展布,长度约50km,深度主要集中在3～14km,展布方向与震中区域断裂走向基本一致,主震震中处断层倾角近乎垂直,与震源机制揭示的特征一致。烈度速报推测与地震烈度图显示极震区烈度达Ⅸ度,区域面积约280km²,Ⅷ度及以上区域总面积约505km²,涉及17个乡镇。认为本次地震是青藏高原隆升和高原上地壳物质向南东挤出,导致鲜水河断裂南东段雪门坎—磨西断裂上积累的应力的一次快速释放过程。     

2020年Mw7.7加勒比海地震:反投影成像确定的一次超剪切事件

利用反投影方法,使用美国阿拉斯加台网的远场P波垂直分量地震数据,对2020年1月28日M_W7.7加勒比海地震的破裂过程分两个频段(0.2~1.0 Hz,0.5~2.0 Hz)进行成像.结果显示,地震沿西向单侧近线性破裂,破裂规模约为250 km,破裂时长约为98 s,平均破裂速率约为2.55 km·s^-1.破裂的瞬时速率存在明显波动,在大约53~62 s达到约6 km·s^-1,超过了所在深度的S波速度,为超剪切破裂.地震在5~15 s,21~30 s和66~79 s存在三个高频能量释放峰值,相应时段破裂速率较低,破裂能量得以在局部区域集中释放.破裂一直延伸至大洋中脊附近受阻挡而停止,转换断层几乎完全破裂,释放了加勒比板块和北美板块之间由于相对运动而长期积累的应力.发震断层特殊的空间几何特征和长期积累的应变能,为此次超剪切破裂事件的发生提供了断层几何和动力条件.     

东昆仑活动带断裂库赛湖段破裂行为及影响因素的初步研究

On November 14, 2001, an extraordinarily large earthquake (MS8.1) occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault, the Hoh Sai Hu segment, is a left-lateral fault with a high slip rate in geological history, with the average slip rate reaching(14.8±2.8)mm/a since the late Pleistocene. Different slip rates of the Hoh Sai Hu segment can affect fault motion in the future. Therefore, this paper analyzes the effect of different slip rates and different initial friction coefficients on the fault plane of the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault on the rupture behaviors of the fault. In this research, we apply the single degree of spring block model controlled by the rateand state-dependent frictional constitutive laws. Using the fault dislocation model and based on ancient earthquake research, historical earthquakes data and the achievements of previous researchers, we obtained the parameters of this model. Through numerical simulation of the rupturing motion of the Hoh Sai Hu segment in the next 6500 years under different slip rates, we find that a faster annual slip rate will shorten the recurrence interval of the earthquake. For example, the earthquake recurrence interval is 2100a at a slip rate of 0.014m/a, which agrees with previous research, but, the recurrence interval will be 1000~1500a and 2100～2500a, corresponding to the slip rates of 0.018m/a and 0.008m/a, respectively. The fault slip rate has no regular effect on the coseismic slip rate and fault displacement in an earthquake. The initial friction coefficient on the fault surface has an effect on the earthquake recurrence interval. A smaller initial friction coefficient will lengthen the earthquake recurrence interval. At the same time, the smaller initial friction coefficient will lead to larger slip rates and fault displacement when earthquakes occur.     

2006年文安Mw4.9级地震的有限震源波形模拟研究

2006年7月4日发生在河北文安的M_w4.9级地震,由于没有地表破裂并缺乏能够精确定位的余震序列,从而在地震发震构造的确定上存在困难.本文利用首都圈地震台网9个台站的Z分量数字波形记录,通过与有限震源模型的理论波形模拟结果比较,能够快速分辨发震断层面及破裂扩展方式,同时对震源运动学参数提供一定约束.结果显示,在文安地震震源机制解的两组共轭节面中,走向110°、倾角65°、滑动角8°的节面更有可能代表真实的发震面;破裂扩展方式为一向西扩展的单侧破裂.这一结果与本区域构造应力研究及块体相对运动方向观测结果一致.本文的工作,为中等震级地震发震构造的快速确定提出了一种简单而有效的方法.     

乳山震群震源谱参数的稳健反演

本文引入截止频率f_(max)提出基于Brune模型的高频截止(High-Cut)模型,采用两步反演的方法来拟合求解震源谱的特征参数,并给出其误差范围;实际应用显示该模型的理论谱对观测谱有很好的拟合,可明显改善拐角频率识别的准确度.将该方法应用于2013—2015年的乳山震群,计算了乳山震群25次M_L≥3.0事件的震源参数(地震矩、破裂半径、应力降等),进一步对乳山震群的震源破裂特性进行了讨论.结果显示:拐角频率、应力降与震源尺度大小明显相关;高频衰减系数γ与震源破裂区的复杂程度以及破裂性质有关,当观测记录中混杂有其他事件的波形或微破裂时,高频衰减系数大于2,并且不确定性增大;截止频率f_(max)与地震大小存在一定相关性;使用Beresnev(2001)给出的震源半径计算公式,得到的乳山震群的结果显示与华北地区的经验关系较为一致;乳山震群的应力降明显偏小(最大不超过0.15 MPa),一方面反映了震中区域的构造应力水平,另一方面可能还意味着此次震群是一个相对非耗散型的脆性破裂过程,属于低摩擦应力的断层作用.     

汶川地震发震断层破裂触发过程

2008年汶川大地震造成北川断裂、彭灌断裂、小渔洞断裂等多条断裂的破裂,呈现出复杂的破裂过程. 对此,以往地震学的研究没有对于各个发震断层的破裂先后顺序给出充分论证. 本文计算由于断层破裂在其他断层段上造成库仑应力的变化,根据其相互触发关系确定断层可能的破裂顺序. 结果表明,各断裂带可能的发震顺序为:主震在北川断裂南端(小渔洞断裂以南的北川断裂虹口段)起始,造成北川断裂的后续段落龙门山镇-清平段和彭灌断裂同时破裂,进而触发小渔洞断裂发生破裂.     

Spatial-temporal Variations of H2 Concentration in Soil Gas in the Seismic Fault Zone Produced by the Wenchuan MS 8.0 Earthquake

Degassing of Hydrogen (H₂) from fault may be a good indicator of fault activity. The concentration of H₂ in soil gas in the seismic surface rupture zone produced by the Wenchuan M_S 8.0 earthquake was investigated in twenty three measuring regions in order to explore the relationship between the spatio-temporal variations of H₂ concentration in soil gas along the seismic rupture zone and the vertical displacements and aftershocks activities. The results indicated: ① the sources of H₂ were directly related to from the release of natural gas reservoirs; ②the average concentration of H₂ in soil gas spatially decreased from Yingxiu to Nanba; ③the magnitudes of the H₂ concentration anomalies declined significantly with time. It is very significant to study the variation tendency of atmospheric environment with further research of degassing of H₂ from faults.     

Influence of interaction between small asperities on various types of slow earthquakes in a 3-D simulation for a subduction plate boundary

Recently, the occurrence of slow earthquakes such as low-frequency earthquakes and very low-frequency earthquakes have been recognized at depths of about 30 km in southwest Japan and Cascadia. These slow earthquakes occur sometimes in isolation and sometimes break into chain-reaction, producing tremor that migrates at a speed of about 5–15 km/day and suggesting a strong interaction among nearby small asperities. In this study, we formulate a 3-D subduction plate boundary model with two types of small asperities chained along the trench at the depth of 30 km. Our simulation succeeds in representing various types of slow earthquakes including low-frequency earthquakes and rapid slip velocity in the same asperity, and indicates that interaction between asperities may cause the very low-frequency earthquakes. Our simulation also shows chain reaction along trench with propagation speed that can be made consistent with observations by adjusting model parameters, which suggests that the interactions also explain the observed migration of slow earthquakes.