地震序列障碍体模型的数值模拟试验研究

运用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D系统,研究了断层上含非均匀性障碍体对地震序列类型的影响。通过对断层障碍体不同均质度系数m=1.1、m=1.5、m=6.0这3个样本进行破裂过程的模拟,发现均质度不同会产生不同地震序列类型,这些序列类型主要是前震主震余震型、主震型和震群型。此外,对3种不同均质度的障碍体的岩石样本破裂过程的模拟表明,岩石介质的非均匀性不但对岩样宏观强度和宏观变形非线性行为有显著的影响,而且对试样破裂模式也有显著的影响。     

岩质边坡锚杆挡墙设计中一些问题的探讨

由于多种原因，当前就岩质边坡而言，采用库伦理论计算的静止土压力与实际情况差异很大，作者从分析岩质边坡应力分布着手，充分运用“工程类比”方法，通过在一些工程中的探索，发现当前设计采用的“破裂面”理论不合理，进而提出将稳定边坡角以内的岩体作为稳定区考虑的设想，同时对锚固深度的确定也提出了建议，由于这一设计理论的变更，将产生更大的经济效益。     

2020年Mw7.7加勒比海地震:反投影成像确定的一次超剪切事件

利用反投影方法,使用美国阿拉斯加台网的远场P波垂直分量地震数据,对2020年1月28日M_W7.7加勒比海地震的破裂过程分两个频段(0.2~1.0 Hz,0.5~2.0 Hz)进行成像.结果显示,地震沿西向单侧近线性破裂,破裂规模约为250 km,破裂时长约为98 s,平均破裂速率约为2.55 km·s^-1.破裂的瞬时速率存在明显波动,在大约53~62 s达到约6 km·s^-1,超过了所在深度的S波速度,为超剪切破裂.地震在5~15 s,21~30 s和66~79 s存在三个高频能量释放峰值,相应时段破裂速率较低,破裂能量得以在局部区域集中释放.破裂一直延伸至大洋中脊附近受阻挡而停止,转换断层几乎完全破裂,释放了加勒比板块和北美板块之间由于相对运动而长期积累的应力.发震断层特殊的空间几何特征和长期积累的应变能,为此次超剪切破裂事件的发生提供了断层几何和动力条件.     

鲜水河断裂带北西段不同破裂源强震震级（M≥67）及复发间隔研究

鲜水河断裂带是四川西部一条晚第四纪强烈左旋走滑活动的构造带，历史上发生多次强震. 它与西北侧的甘孜—玉树断裂带一起，构成青藏高原东部的侧向滑移构造系统中的川滇活动地块的北边界——羌塘地块的东北边界. 鲜水河断裂带北西段可以分成4个段落，每一段落均可作为一个独立的基本破裂单元而发生地震破裂，亦有可能发生不同尺度的多段联合瞧裂. 对鲜水河断裂带北西段不同尺度破裂的震级及复发间隔进行研究. 根据该地区的地质、地球物理、测量及地震等方面的资料，结合我国强震复发的特点，分析了拉分盆地内部的滑动速率分布，以确定各段落的等效长度和倾向宽度，从而建立适合我国大陆走滑断裂的面波震级与断裂发震面积的关系式；进而运用地震矩方法，考虑断层之间的相互作用，结合专家意见建立了该段的矩平衡断裂破裂模型；最后，给出了鲜水河断裂带北西段各破裂源特征化地震的复发间隔、震级大小和不确定性，以及他与中小地震的联合震级分布. 结果表明，鲜水河断裂带北西段较易发生单段破裂，复发间隔在100～150年左右.     

伽师强震群震源破裂特征的初步分析

为深入研究1997年新疆伽师地区连续发生的强震群的震源破裂特征,利用全球数字地震台网(GDSN)宽频带数字资料及区域台网资料,较详细地研究了伽师强震群的震源机制及震源破裂特征.结果表明:伽师强震群的震源机制解主要有走滑和正倾两种破裂类型,其共同特点是主压应力轴方向沿北北东向,主张应力轴沿北西向,与区域构造应力场方向存在差异,具有明显局部特征;从震源破裂特征来看,伽师强震的滑动尺度、上升时间和持续时间均较小,震源破裂面积不大,是由一点向四周快速扩散的脆性破裂,无明显伸展方向;伽师强震群的破裂断层面为北东向,与震源深度梯度变化带、地壳接触变形梯度变化带、等烈度线以及地震扩展方向吻合;伽师强震群是在近南北向挤压环境下,在震源区附近剪切和张扭应力作用下发生的多次沿北东向的脆性快速破裂,从而造成了伽师强震群以张性破裂和左旋走滑为主的震源特征.     

1996年3月19日新疆阿图什6.9级地震:单侧破裂过程

结合已有的地质、余震分布及地震宏观考察资料,使用全球数字地震台网(GDSN)宽频带P波数据,利用波形拟合和有限断层的全局混合反演方法研究了1996年3月19日新疆阿图什地震的震源破裂时空过程.结果表明,这次地震是发生在柯坪断裂带的哈帕雷克断层上的一次具有逆倾和较小走滑分量的由西向东单侧破裂事件.断层面的走向为252°,倾角30°,震源深度为13km,震源持续时间为15s.破裂面上的滑动分布主要由两部分构成:初始破裂0.3m对应较小上升时间0.8s;最大滑动尺度1.0m则位于沿破裂方向离初始点约25km处,相应的上升时间为3.5s.由于微观震中是指震源开始破裂的地方,而宏观震中则代表地面破坏最严重的区域,我们的反演结果解释了其他研究者得出的微观震中与宏观震中相距约30km的结论.     

Large earthquake doublets and fault plane heterogeneity in the northern Solomon Islands subduction zone

In the Solomon Islands and New Britain subduction zones, the largest earthquakes commonly occur as pairs with small separation in time, space and magnitude. This doublet behavior has been attributed to a pattern of fault plane heterogeneity consisting of closely spaced asperities such that the failure of one asperity triggers slip in adjacent asperities. We analyzed body waves of the January 31, 1974,M _w =7.3, February 1, 1974,M _w =7.4, July 20, 1975 (1437)M _w =7.6 and July 20, 1975 (1945),M _w =7.3 doublet events using an iterative, multiple station inversion technique to determine the spatio-temporal distribution of seismic moment release associated with these events. Although the 1974 doublet has smaller body wave moments than the 1975 events, their source histories are more complicated, lasting over 40 seconds and consisting of several subevents located near the epicentral regions. The second 1975 event is well modeled by a simple point source initiating at a depth of 15 km and rupturing an approximate 20 km region about the epicenter. The source history of the first 1975 event reveals a westerly propagating rupture, extending about 50 km from its hypocenter at a depth of 25 km. The asperities of the 1975 events are of comparable size and do not overlap one another, consistent with the asperity triggering hypothesis. The relatively large source areas and small seismic moments of the 1974 doublet events indicate failure of weaker portions of the fault plane in their epicentral regions. Variations in the roughness of the bathymetry of the subducting plate, accompanying subduction of the Woodlark Rise, may be responsible for changes in the mechanical properties of the plate interface.To understand how variations in fault plane coupling and strength affect the interplate seismicity pattern, we relocated 85 underthrusting earthquakes in the northern Solomon Islands Are since 1964. Relatively few smaller magnitude underthrusting events overlap the Solomon Islands doublet asperity regions, where fault coupling and strength are inferred to be the greatest. However, these asperity regions have been the sites of several previous earthquakes withM _s 7.0. The source regions of the 1974 doublet events, which we infer to be mechanically weak, contain many smaller magnitude events but have not generated any otherM _s 7.0 earthquakes in the historic past. The central portion of the northern Solomon Islands Arc between the two largest doublet events in 1971 (studied in detail bySchwartz et al., 1989a) and 1975 contains the greatest number of smaller magnitude underthrusting earthquakes. The location of this small region sandwiched between two strongly coupled portions of the plate interface suggest that it may be the site of the next large northern Solomon Islands earthquake. However, this region has experienced no known earthquakes withM _s 7.0 and may represent a relatively aseismic portion of the subduction zone.     

A deterministic approach for preparation of seismic hazard maps in North East India

A method of seismic zonation based on deterministic modeling of rupture plane is presented in this work. This method is based on the modeling of finite rupture plane along identified lineaments in the region using the semi-empirical technique, of Midorikawa [(1993) Tectonophysics 218:287–295]. The modeling procedure follows ω² scaling law, directivity effects, and other strong motion parameters. The technique of zonation is applied for technoeconomically important NE part of Brahmaputra valley that falls in the seismic gap region of Himalaya. Zonation map prepared for Brahmaputra valley for earthquakes of magnitude M > 6.0 show that approximately 90,000 km² area fall in the highly hazardous zone IV, which covers region that can have peak ground accelerations of order more than 250 cm/s². The zone IV covers the Tezu, Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, Ziro, North Lakhimpur, Itanagar, Sibsagar, Jorhat, Golaghat, Wokha, Senapati, Imphal, and Kohima regions. The Pasighat, Daring, Basar, and Seppa region belong to zone III with peak ground accelerations of the order 200–250 cm/s². The seismic zonation map obtained from deterministic modeling of the rupture is consistent with the historical seismicity map and it has been found that the epicenter of many moderate and major earthquakes fall in the identified zones.     

乳山震群震源谱参数的稳健反演

本文引入截止频率fmax提出基于Brune模型的高频截止（High-Cut）模型,采用两步反演的方法来拟合求解震源谱的特征参数,并给出其误差范围;实际应用显示该模型的理论谱对观测谱有很好的拟合,可明显改善拐角频率识别的准确度.将该方法应用于2013-2015年的乳山震群,计算了乳山震群25次ML≥3.0事件的震源参数（地震矩、破裂半径、应力降等）,进一步对乳山震群的震源破裂特性进行了讨论.结果显示：拐角频率、应力降与震源尺度大小明显相关;高频衰减系数γ与震源破裂区的复杂程度以及破裂性质有关,当观测记录中混杂有其他事件的波形或微破裂时,高频衰减系数大于2,并且不确定性增大;截止频率fmax与地震大小存在一定相关性;使用Beresnev（2001）给出的震源半径计算公式,得到的乳山震群的结果显示与华北地区的经验关系较为一致;乳山震群的应力降明显偏小（最大不超过0.15 MPa）,一方面反映了震中区域的构造应力水平,另一方面可能还意味着此次震群是一个相对非耗散型的脆性破裂过程,属于低摩擦应力的断层作用.     

伽师强震群震源破裂特征的初步分析

为深入研究1997年新疆伽师地区连续发生的强震群的震源破裂特征,利用全球数字地震台网(GDSN)宽频带数字资料及区域台网资料,较详细地研究了伽师强震群的震源机制及震源破裂特征.结果表明:伽师强震群的震源机制解主要有走滑和正倾两种破裂类型,其共同特点是主压应力轴方向沿北北东向,主张应力轴沿北西向,与区域构造应力场方向存在差异,具有明显局部特征;从震源破裂特征来看,伽师强震的滑动尺度、上升时间和持续时间均较小,震源破裂面积不大,是由一点向四周快速扩散的脆性破裂,无明显伸展方向;伽师强震群的破裂断层面为北东向,与震源深度梯度变化带、地壳接触变形梯度变化带、等烈度线以及地震扩展方向吻合;伽师强震群是在近南北向挤压环境下,在震源区附近剪切和张扭应力作用下发生的多次沿北东向的脆性快速破裂,从而造成了伽师强震群以张性破裂和左旋走滑为主的震源特征.