黄土结构性力学特性研究与应用的探讨

大孔隙、高孔隙比、欠压密的非饱和黄土具有显著的结构性,结构性是影响土力学性质的关键因素。在讨论土结构性力学特性研究途径的基础上,从反映土的结构可稳性和可变性的综合结构势出发,阐述了反映力、水作用的黄土压缩变形结构性参数、应力结构性参数和应力比结构性参数,以及与土的物理性质指标对应的反映结构特征的构度。通过黄土的单轴抗压试验、非饱和直接剪切试验、三轴试验和真三轴试验,揭示了结构性参数和构度的变化规律,以及它们分别与强度指标之间的关系,提出了湿、剪变形过程等结构性临界状态的概念。将正常固结土视为结构性参数或构度等于1的无结构性土,在修正剑桥模型的基础上,考虑临界状态线和等向压缩曲线随结构性参数的变化,建立了结构性屈服面方程,为建立结构性弹塑性本构方程打下了基础。同时,阐述了黄土隧道围岩和黄土地基稳定性分析中应用结构性强度变化规律研究成果的途径,深化了黄土体稳定性分析的理论基础。     

Development of a hybrid simulation controller for full‐scale experimental investigation of seismic retrofits for soft‐story woodframe buildings

Hybrid simulations of a full‐scale soft‐story woodframe building specimen with various retrofits were carried out as part of the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Research project – NEES‐Soft: seismic risk reduction for soft‐story woodframe buildings. The test structure in the hybrid simulation was a three‐story woodframe building that was divided into a numerical substructure of the first story with various retrofits and a full‐scale physical substructure of the upper two stories. Four long‐stroke actuators, two at the second floor and two at the roof diaphragm, were attached to the physical substructure to impose the simulated seismic responses including both translation and in‐plane rotation. Challenges associated with this first implementation of a full‐scale hybrid simulation on a woodframe building were identified. This paper presents the development and validation of a scalable and robust hybrid simulation controller for efficient test site deployment. The development consisted of three incremental validation phases ranging from small‐scale, mid‐scale, to full‐scale tests conducted at three laboratories. Experimental setup, procedure, and results of each phase of the controller development are discussed, demonstrating the effectiveness and efficiency of the incremental controller development approach for large‐scale hybrid simulation programs with complex test setup. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic analysis of underground tunnels by the 2.5D finite/infinite element approach

A procedure for the seismic analysis of underground tunnels using recorded free-field earthquakes based on the 2.5D finite/infinite element approach is presented. The near and far fields of the half space are modeled by finite and infinite elements, respectively. Using the 1D wave theory, the nodal force and displacement on the near-field boundary are computed for each spectral frequency of the earthquake. Then, equivalent seismic forces are computed for the near-field boundary for the earthquake spectrum. By assuming the soil-tunnel system to be uniform along the tunnel axis, the 2.5D approach can account for the wave transmission along the tunnel axis, which reduces to the 2D case for infinite transmission velocity. The horizontal and vertical components of the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake (TCU068) are adopted as the free-field motions in the numerical analysis. The maximal stresses and distribution patterns of the tunnel section under the P- and SV-waves are thoroughly studied by the 2.5D and 2D approaches, which should prove useful to the design of underground tunnels.     

强震作用下超高桥墩动力稳定性理论研究

根据平截面假定,考虑超高桥墩大位移变形产生的几何非线性影响,建立超高桥墩的振动控制微分方程,利用变步长的龙格-库塔法进行求解,结合B-R运动判定准则,对超高桥墩在地震作用下的动力失稳机理进行研究。理论分析表明,超高桥墩的动力失稳与桥墩的几何尺寸、质量分布、边界条件有密切关系;桥墩动力失稳时刻随地震波加速度峰值的增大而减小;失稳时刻与失稳加速度荷载有对应关系。算例结果表明:本文方法正确,利用本文理论能够准确计算超高桥墩的失稳时刻及失稳加速度,对超高桥墩动力失稳的理论分析及工程实践有重要指导意义。     

基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日法充灌袋挤淤过程的有限元研究

在含水率大、承载能力低的软土地基上,利用充灌砂袋进行挤淤置换的方法工艺简单、施工方便、处理效果明显,已经广泛地应用在建造围埝和修筑道路中。充灌袋下沉到一定深度后,其重量与地基承载力相等,从而达到极限平衡状态。充灌袋挤淤所达到的深度与其高度存在一定的对应关系,在工程中确定此关系十分重要。通过3组不同宽度的挤淤模型试验,得到充灌袋下沉量与充灌袋高度的曲线关系、淤泥的位移特性及隆起量。利用ABAQUS中耦合欧拉-拉格朗日法（CEL法）,将充灌袋和淤泥分别用拉格朗日体和欧拉体描述,模拟充灌袋挤淤下沉的过程,将模拟得到的充灌袋下沉深度和高度的关系、淤泥的位移特点与试验结果以及理论公式进行对比。结果表明,CEL法模拟得到的结果与试验结果、理论解具有很好的吻合性,说明利用CEL法可以较好地模拟充灌袋的挤淤问题。     

利用GOCE卫星观测数据反演地球重力场模型

利用GOCE卫星约6个月的重力梯度数据和约1 a的几何轨道数据,联合解算250阶次的地球重力场模型TJGOCE01。GOCE重力梯度数据的低频误差采用ⅡR数字滤波器处理,粗差采用阀值法和移动窗口阀值法组合探测与剔除。直接在梯度仪坐标系中建立GOCE卫星的重力梯度观测方程,采用改进的短弧边值法建立几何轨道观测方程。两类观测值的权根据其先验精度确定,采用Kaula规则约束的正则化方法解算法方程。解算的TJGOCE01模型相对于EIGEN6C2模型在250阶次的大地水准面误差和大地水准面累积误差分别为19.4 mm和177.9 mm。北美地区GPS水准观测数据的检验结果表明,TJGOCE01模型的中误差为0.544 m,略优于欧空局公布的同阶次的第二代时域法和空域法解算的GOCE重力场模型。     

西方乡村性研究进展

在梳理20世纪60年代以来乡村性研究的社会、学术背景的基础上,聚焦于乡村性的社会建构流派及其对中国乡村转型与乡村地理研究的启示。社会建构流派将乡村性看作是社会、文化建构的过程与产物而非先存的事实,重点关注乡村转型过程中的权力关系与差异性。由描述性流派、乡土流派向社会建构流派的过渡可以看作是从关注乡村性物质层面转向想象层面,由追求乡村性的本体、核心机制向探索乡村性的认识论问题,也就是从追求“乡村性是什么”到研究“不同社会群体如何认识乡村性”“不同社会群体多样化的乡村性话语和体验”。而目前的中国乡村性研究主要关注乡村性指标及其模型建构,相关研究对于各级政府全面地了解现存的乡村问题并合理地制定乡村发展、复兴政策规划具有重要的实践意义。在西方乡村研究中,乡村性指标由于暗含线性发展观、无法解读乡村变迁的机制和过程而饱受批判。在中国乡村急剧变迁的今天,现代化乡村发展话语占据着主导地位,而在这一过程中不公平的权力关系和霸权话语对部分农村、农民的边缘化基本没有提及。在这种社会与学术背景下,乡村性社会建构流派对于解构乡村性主导话语、揭示乡村变迁过程中的权力关系及不同社会群体间利益冲突与协商具有重要意义。     

钢管混凝土拱桥海上应用实例

近年来钢管混凝土拱桥建设在全国迅速发展,型式多样、各有千秋。本文就大跨度全钢系杆拱在大连新港50万吨级进口原油码头引桥上的成功应用做以下介绍。     

Constructing personalized transportation networks in multi-state supernetworks: a heuristic approach

An integrated view encompassing the networks for public and private transport modes as well as the activity programs of travelers is essential for accessibility analysis. In earlier research, the multi-state supernetwork has been put forward by the authors as a suitable technique to model the system in such an integrated fashion. An essential part of a supernetwork involving multi-modal and multi-activity is the personalized transportation network, which is an under-researched topic in the academic community. This article attempts to develop a heuristic approach to construct personalized transportation networks for an individual's activity program. In this approach, the personalized network consists of two types of network extractions from the original transportation system: public transport network and private vehicle network. Three examples are presented to illustrate that the public transport network and private vehicle network can represent an individual's attributes and be applied in large-scale applications for analyzing the synchronization of land-use and transportation systems.     

Improvement on the estimation of constant-rate drawdown in large-diameter wells

Abstract

Papadopulos and Cooper's (PC) solution can be used to describe the drawdown resulting from pumping with a constant rate at a large-diameter well. However, this solution is too complicated to be accurately evaluated due to the oscillatory nature of the Bessel functions. The PC approach resulted in tabulated values of dimensionless drawdown at the well with an accuracy of four or fewer digits for selected values of dimensionless storage coefficient versus dimensionless time. Some researchers have fitted the tabulated values with interpolation formulas that are easy to use in engineering applications. Those formulas may be more accurate if the tabulated values are computed with greater accuracy. In this study, we propose an efficient numerical procedure, including a root search scheme, to find the roots of the integrand, Gaussian quadrature for numerical integration, and Shanks transform to accelerate convergence of infinite series. The proposed procedure can evaluate the dimensionless drawdown with greater accuracy and is useful in practice if there is a need for high accuracy for the observation either at the well or in the aquifer at some distance from the pumping well

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Chang, Y.C., Yeh, H.D., and Wang, C.T., 2013. Improvement on the estimation of constant-rate drawdown in large-diameter wells. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (3), 716–727.