泥河湾古湖的形成机制及其与早期古人类生存环境的关系

泥河湾盆地位于汾渭裂谷系的东北端,是裂谷系的重要组成部分。古近纪初恒山－大同一带发育软流圈上涌柱,导致岩浆喷发和地壳变薄,距今25～24Ma,阳原-石匣一带开始沉陷形成盆地,北侧出现伸展造山带。受到挤压作用使盆地内地壳缩短并在盆地南侧形成台地。上新世末至早更新世为盆地沉陷最盛时期,泥河湾古湖形成。距今2．0～0．8Ma,该地区为温和的温带气候环境,有的时段为亚热带气候,同时火山喷发的火山灰和风成沉积为盆地土壤提供了丰富矿物质养分,湖泊周边地区动植物繁盛,为早期古人类在此栖息提供了必要的条件。该裂谷型盆地是适于早期古人类生存和发展的地区,泥河湾盆地将是我国最有可能发现早期古人类化石的地点。     

Supracrustal faults of the St. Lawrence rift system, Québec: kinematics and geometry as revealed by field mapping and marine seismic reflection data

The St. Lawrence rift system from the Laurentian craton core to the offshore St. Lawrence River system is a seismically active zone in which fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of the Iapetus ocean. The rift-related faults fringe the contact between the Grenvillian basement to the NW and Cambrian–Ordovician rocks of the St. Lawrence Lowlands to the SE and occur also within the Grenvillian basement. The St. Lawrence rift system trends NE–SW and represents a SE-dipping half-graben that links the NW–SE-trending Ottawa–Bonnechère and Saguenay River grabens, both interpreted as Iapetan failed arms. Coastal sections of the St. Lawrence River that expose fault rocks related to the St. Lawrence rift system have been studied between Québec city and the Saguenay River. Brittle faults marking the St. Lawrence rift system consist of NE- and NW-trending structures that show mutual crosscutting relationships. Fault rocks consist of fault breccias, cataclasites and pseudotachylytes. Field relationships suggest that the various types of fault rocks are associated with the same tectonic event. High-resolution marine seismic reflection data acquired in the St. Lawrence River estuary, between Rimouski, the Saguenay River and Forestville, identify submarine topographic relief attributed to the St. Lawrence rift system. Northeast-trending seismic reflection profiles show a basement geometry that agrees with onshore structural features. Northwest-trending seismic profiles suggest that normal faults fringing the St. Lawrence River are associated with a major topographic depression in the estuary, the Laurentian Channel trough, with up to 700 m of basement relief. A two-way travel-time to bedrock map, based on seismic data from the St. Lawrence estuary, and comparison with the onshore rift segment suggest that the Laurentian Channel trough varies from a half-graben to a graben structure from SW to NE. It is speculated that natural gas occurrences within both the onshore and offshore sequences of unconsolidated Quaternary deposits are possibly related to degassing processes of basement rocks, and that hydrocarbons were drained upward by the rift faults.     

SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of a metagabbro and eclogites from western Dabieshan (Hong''an Block), China, and its tectonic implications

The Tyrrhenian Sea is a Neogene back-arc basin formed by continental extension at the rear of the eastward migrating Apennine subduction system. Its central part, generated from Tortonian to Pliocene, includes the Sardinia rifted margin to the west, an area with large volcanoes in the deep central sector, and the Campania rifted margin to the east. A reprocessing of some 2000 km of MCS lines, a new swath bathymetric map, and a review of previous geological and geophysical data allow to analyse the nature and distribution of continental vs. oceanic crust in this area, which evolved in a short time span.The central portion of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea is characterized by MOHO at about 10 km depth. North of Magnghi and Vavilov Smts, this thinned crustal domain include a wide continent–ocean transition, with the occurrence of extensional allochthons and of serpenitinzed sub-continental mantle, recalling other well known rifted margins, as the Iberia one. Sectors floored by oceanic crust should occur, mainly in the southern part of the study area, but they do not appear related to discrete spreading ridges. The continent–ocean boundary cannot be drawn unequivocally in the area, due also to the occurrence of widespread and huge magmatic manifestations not related to oceanic spreading. These portions of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea represents therefore a complex oceanic back-arc basin surrounded by magma-rich rifted continental margins.The abundant igneous manifestations and the very high stretching rates observed in the area may be related to the fact that the present Tyrrhenian area was occupied by an orogenic domain affected by shortening until middle Miocene times, which is just before the Late Miocene onset of back-arc extension. The lithosphere in the region had then to be rheologically weak. Abundant generation and ascent of magmas, mostly of Ocean Island Basalt type, was favoured by the large lithospheric permeability induced by strong extensional deformations.     

Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere

The evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS) and the Alpine orogen is discussed on the base of a set of palaeotectonic maps and two retro-deformed lithospheric transects which extend across the Western and Central Alps and the Massif Central and the Rhenish Massif, respectively.During the Paleocene, compressional stresses exerted on continental Europe by the evolving Alps and Pyrenees caused lithospheric buckling and basin inversion up to 1700 km to the north of the Alpine and Pyrenean deformation fronts. This deformation was accompanied by the injection of melilite dykes, reflecting a plume-related increase in the temperature of the asthenosphere beneath the European foreland. At the Paleocene–Eocene transition, compressional stresses relaxed in the Alpine foreland, whereas collisional interaction of the Pyrenees with their foreland persisted. In the Alps, major Eocene north-directed lithospheric shortening was followed by mid-Eocene slab- and thrust-loaded subsidence of the Dauphinois and Helvetic shelves. During the late Eocene, north-directed compressional intraplate stresses originating in the Alpine and Pyrenean collision zones built up and activated ECRIS.At the Eocene–Oligocene transition, the subducted Central Alpine slab was detached, whereas the West-Alpine slab remained attached to the lithosphere. Subsequently, the Alpine orogenic wedge converged northwestward with its foreland. The Oligocene main rifting phase of ECRIS was controlled by north-directed compressional stresses originating in the Pyrenean and Alpine collision zones.Following early Miocene termination of crustal shortening in the Pyrenees and opening of the oceanic Provençal Basin, the evolution of ECRIS was exclusively controlled by west- and northwest-directed compressional stresses emanating from the Alps during imbrication of their external massifs. Whereas the grabens of the Massif Central and the Rhône Valley became inactive during the early Miocene, the Rhine Rift System remained active until the present. Lithospheric folding controlled mid-Miocene and Pliocene uplift of the Vosges-Black Forest Arch. Progressive uplift of the Rhenish Massif and Massif Central is mainly attributed to plume-related thermal thinning of the mantle-lithosphere.ECRIS evolved by passive rifting in response to the build-up of Pyrenean and Alpine collision-related compressional intraplate stresses. Mantle-plume-type upwelling of the asthenosphere caused thermal weakening of the foreland lithosphere, rendering it prone to deformation.     

琉球岛弧及其邻区的构造地质研究

区域构造地质特征表明琉球岛弧中部可以划分为5个构造带,即嘉阳带、名户带、本部带、今归仁带和伊平屋带.琉球岛弧中部和南部没有相应的构造带可进行直接对比.BTL构造线在庆良间海裂的北东侧改变其方向为NWW向,而在南西侧,由于庆良间海裂的左行平移作用,可能将BTL构造线推移到琉球岛弧的东侧.琉球岛弧南部的高P/T变质带可能相当于西南日本的内带,与台湾的早期变质带不具相似性.台湾的变质带可能相当于三波川变质带.在220×10~6a左右就开始的变形和变质作用及一系列新的正断裂作用、岩浆侵入作用和热液活动,表明太平洋板块俯冲作用从早中生代开始至今经历了长期的活动阶段.     

大陆活化克拉通与裂谷地堑地区的地震构造模型

经常观察到这样的现象：活化的克拉通在其演化的不同阶段经历过裂谷作用，在这些地区有分割的地堑构造，有些地堑已变成现代的活跃地震带，如中国山西临汾地堑，中国河北邢台地堑和美国的新马德里地堑。大量资料表明，这些地区的地震成因与许多地质、地球物理条件有关，而不仅仅是活动断层。以临汾地堑为例，地震发生过程涉及到下列因素：（１）地堑周围强度较大的变质岩，这些岩体在区域应力场作用下产生应力积累；（２）地堑内５－     

Crustal structure and sedimentation history over the Alleppey platform,southwest continental margin of India:Constraints from multichannel seismic and gravity data

The Alleppey Platform is an important morphological feature located in the Kerala-Konkan basin off the southwest coast of India. In the present study, seismic reflection data available in the basin were used to understand the sedimentation history and also to carry out integrated gravity interpretation. Detailed seismic reflection data in the basin reveals that:(1) the Alleppey Platform is associated with a basement high in the west of its present-day geometry(as observed in the time-structure map of the Trap Top(K/T boundary)),(2) the platform subsequently started developing during the Eocene period and attained the present geometry by the Miocene and,(3) both the Alleppey platform and the Vishnu fracture zone have had significant impact on the sedimentation patterns(as shown by the time-structure and the isochron maps of the major sedimentary horizons in the region). The 3-D sediment gravity effect computed from the sedimentary layer geometry was used to construct the crustal Bouguer anomaly map of the region.The 3-D gravity inversion of crustal Bouguer anomaly exhibits a Moho depression below the western border of the platform and a minor rise towards the east which then deepens again below the Indian shield. The 2-D gravity modelling across the Alleppey platform reveals the geometry of crustal extension,in which there are patches of thin and thick crust. The Vishnu Fracture Zone appears as a crustal-scale feature at the western boundary of the Alleppey platform. Based on the gravity model and the seismic reflection data, we suggest that the basement high to the west of the present day Alleppey platform remained as a piece of continental block very close to the mainland with the intervening depression filling up with sediments during the rifting. In order to place the Alleppey platform in the overall perspective of tectonic evolution of the Kerala-Konkan basin, we propose its candidature as a continental fragment.     

The Black Sea basins structure and history: New model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 1: Basins structure and fill

This work is based upon results of interpretation of about 8872 km-long regional seismic lines acquired in 2011 within the international project Geology Without Limits in the Black Sea. The seismic lines cover nearly the entire Black Sea Basins, including Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria sectors. A new map of acoustic basement relief and a new tectonic structure scheme are constructed for the Black Sea Basins. The basement of the Black Sea includes areas with oceanic crust and areas with highly rifted continental crust. A chain of buried seamounts, which were interpreted as submarine volcanoes of Late Cretaceous (Santonian to Campanian) age, has been identified to the north of the Turkish coast. On the Shatsky Ridge, probable volcanoes of Albian age have also been recognized. Synorogenic turbidite sequences of Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene ages have been mapped. In the Cenozoic, numerous compressional and transpressional structures were formed in different parts of the Black Sea Basin. During the Pleistocene–Quaternary, turbidites, mass-transport deposits and leveed channels were formed in the distal part of the Danube Delta.     

华北沧东断裂的构造特征

地质和地球物理资料表明 ,沧东断裂为发育于上地壳的上陡下缓的铲状断裂 ,断面于 10km深处的上地壳底部变为近水平的拆离滑脱面。沧东断裂经历了中、新生代两个裂陷旋回 ,开始形成于晚侏罗世 ,此时为正断裂性质 ,早白垩世末期的燕山运动使断裂反转为逆断裂 ,并有一定的左旋走滑 ,形成正花状构造。早第三纪始新世时在中生代断裂的基础上改造成为正断裂 ,控制了黄骅坳陷下第三系的分布。早第三纪为断裂主要活动时期 ,塑造了现今沧东断裂的主要形态 ,断裂不同区段的产状、发育历史和活动强度表现出鲜明的分段性。晚第三纪以来断裂活动微弱。从浅层地震勘探结果看 ,沧东断裂晚更新世以来基本不活动 ,不是活动断裂     

Paleostress field reconstruction in the Oslo region

The geodynamic history of a region is archived in its geologic record which, in turn, may reflect deformation patterns that causally can be related to certain configurations of paleostresses. In the Oslo Region, the exposed geological record ranges from Precambrian high-grade metamorphic rocks through Cambro-Silurian sedimentary rocks to Permo-Carboniferous sedimentary and magmatic rocks, the latter being related to the development of the Oslo rift system. We investigate the kinematics of outcrop-scale faults to derive the diversity of paleostress states responsible for the observed strain. For this purpose, we combine different graphical and numerical approaches to separate heterogeneous fault-slip data sets and estimate the associated reduced stress tensors. A reduced stress tensor consists of the directions of the three principal stress axes with σ₁ ≥ σ₂ ≥ σ₃ and the ratio of principal stress differences, R = (σ₂ − σ₃)/(σ₁ − σ₃).