How is water availability related to the land use and morphology of an inland valley wetland in Kenya?

Small inland valley wetlands contribute substantially to the livelihoods of rural communities in East Africa. Their conversion into farmland is driven by water availability. We quantified spatial-temporal dynamics of water availability in a headwater wetland in the humid zone of Kenya. Climatic conditions, soil moisture contents, groundwater levels and discharge data were monitored. A land-use map and a digital elevation model of the valley bottom were created to relate variations in soil moisture to dominant land uses and valley morphology.Upland crops occupied about a third of the wetland area, while approximately a quarter of the wet, central part of the valley bottom was designated for flood-tolerant taro, grown either by itself or in association or in rotation with upland crops. Finally, natural vegetation was found in 3% of the mapped area, mainly in sections with nearpermanent soil saturation.The HBV rainfall-runoff model's overestimation of stream discharge during the long dry season of the hydrological year 2010/2011 can be explained by the strong seasonal impact of water abstraction on the wetland's water balance.Our study vividly demonstrates the necessity of multi-method approaches for assessing the impact of management practices on water availability in valley bottom wetlands in East Africa.     

Histological and Histochemical Analyses of the Cuttlebone Sac of the Golden Cuttlefish Sepia esculenta

The secretion function of mantle is closely related to shell formation in some bivalves and gastropods. Up to now, few researches have been reported for cuttlebone formation in the class Cephalopoda. In this study, the structure and secretion function of cuttlebone sac of the golden cuttlefish Sepia esculenta was analyzed using the histological and histochemical methods. The results showed that high and columnar cells located in sac epithelium, and flat cells existed near the base membrane. A lot of fibroblasts were found in the lateral mantle collective tissue. Some mucus, mucopolysaccharide and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were found in the sac. The ultrastructural characteristics of Quasi-connective-tissue-calcium cells (QCTCC) were observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The relationship between cuttlebone sac secretion function and shell formation was discussed.     

可口革囊星虫的营养成分分析与评价

测定了可口革囊星虫的营养成分,干物质中蛋白质、脂肪、总糖和灰分的含量分别为70.68%,2.29%,5.51%和15.32%。必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的35.41%,氨基酸分为32,化学分为19分。脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量为81.22%,高于饱和脂肪酸(SFA);不饱和脂肪酸中高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)的含量为54.27%;脂肪酸中EPA和DHA的含量为3.9%和0.12%。无机元素丰富,其中常量元素含量规律为Na>K>Mg>P>Ca,微量元素中Fe含量较高,其次为Mn和Zn。     

Late Quaternary environments,vegetation and agriculture in northern New Zealand

A sedimentological and plant microfossil history of the Late Quaternary is preserved in two sediment cores from early Polynesian ditch systems on southern Aupouri Peninsula. The study places human activities into a geomorphological and ecological context and allows comparison of natural and anthropogenic effects on two different geological settings: a floodplain and a relatively closed peat swamp. The data fill part of the current gap in the environmental record from northern New Zealand, namely MIS 3 (57k–26k yr BP). There is evidence for an increase in fire frequency in the region after 40k ¹⁴C yr BP, suggesting a shift to drier (and cooler) conditions. Pollen records show that conifer‐hardwood forest dominated by podocarps (especially Dacrydium) prevailed prior to Polynesian arrival and deforestation within the last millennium, with Fuscopsora insignificant throughout. Both cores show sections with gaps in deposition or preservation, possible flood‐stripping of peat during the pre‐Holocene and mechanical disturbance by early Polynesians. The identification of prehistoric starch grains and other microremains of introduced Colocasia esculenta (taro) in both cores supports indirect evidence that the ditch systems of far northern New Zealand were used for the extensive cultivation of this crop. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

急性低盐度胁迫对可口革囊星虫存活、Na+/K+-ATP酶及磷酸酶活力的影响

为探讨低盐度急性胁迫对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的影响规律,研究可口革囊星虫对急性低盐度胁迫的响应机制,本试验先通过急性毒性试验确定可口革囊星虫96 h内对低盐度的耐受范围,再选取96 h最小死亡率盐度,研究该盐度急性胁迫下可口革囊星虫(平均体质量0.85±0.07 g)体质量、体壁含水量、Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力以及酸碱磷酸酶活力在96 h内的动态变化。结果表明:在本试验盐度3.0～7.0范围内,可口革囊星虫24 h的最大死亡率盐度是3.0,可口革囊星虫96 h的最小死亡率盐度为7.0;可口革囊星虫死亡率随盐度降低逐渐升高,但相同盐度下随着时间延长,可口革囊星虫死亡率基本不变,可口革囊星虫96h内能耐受的最低盐度是7.0;在低盐度7.0胁迫下,可口革囊星虫体质量和体壁含水量在12 h内显著增大(P0.05),12 h后趋于平稳(P0.05);Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力也在6 h内显著升高至最大值(P0.05),6 h至12h又显著降低(P0.05),此后稳定在高于对照组水平;酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力变化趋势与Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力类似,均是先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),最后稳定在高于对照组水平。以上研究表明,可口革囊星虫能够通过Na~+/K~+-ATP酶、酸碱磷酸酶等渗透和免疫相关的生理调节机制,迅速响应低盐度环境,其对低盐度有很强的适应力和耐受力。     

我国海域两种大型水母的分子鉴定

采用通用引物-PCR扩增法,测定了辽宁营口海蜇成体的部分16S基因序列578bp、部分COI基因序列633bp,以及黄海海域沙海蜇成体部分COI基因序列645bp、部分16S基因序列479bp.结果表明,海蜇个体间的16S序列只有一个变异位点,其余序列完全一致;COI序列共有4个变异位点,碱基之间只存在转换,没有颠换、插入或缺失的位点.沙海蜇个体间的COI序列碱基组成完全一致,16S序列碱基组成也完全一致.从辽宁盘锦和山东胶州所取的水母碟状体和稚水母的测序结果显示,COI序列与海蜇成体的差异为0.5%-0.6%,与沙海蜇成体的差异为18.9%-19.4%;16S序列与海蜇成体的差异为0.0%-0.2%,与沙海蜇成体的差异为13.1%-13.3%.以上结果表明,水母碟状体和稚水母都为海蜇而非沙海蜇.结合GenBank中已有的其它水母类COI基因同源序列信息,构建分子系统发育树.结果显示:轮环水母亚目(Kolpophorae)和指环水母亚目(Daktyliophorae)以及有肩板族(Scapulatae)和无肩板族(Inscapulatae)的分类划分,与传统分类一致.从分子水平上证明,在黄海海域采集的沙海蜇和在日本采集的越前水母的差异只处于种内水平,两者应为同物异名.     

温度和饵料丰度对海蜇水母体生长的影响

于1989年3月，以伞弧20mm的幼海蜇为材料，在盐度20和投喂卤虫无节幼体条件下，研究温度和饵料丰度对其生长的影响，并于1994年8月做了补充实验。结果表明，幼蜇生长的最适水温为24℃，存活的上限和下限温度分别为34℃和8℃。在24℃中，幼蜇平均日生长率（Y；％）与投饵频次（X；次／d）的关系式为Y=12．89－4．06／X。投饵频次以4－5次／d最佳，投饵间隔时间超过76h则呈负生长。     

海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta)浮浪幼虫及早期螅状体摄食行为的研究

采用对比实验与显微观察的方法,对海蜇浮浪幼虫及早期螅状体的摄食行为进行了研究。结果表明,海蜇浮浪幼虫期不摄食外界食物;浮浪幼虫附着变态发育成海蜇螅状体1d后,开始摄食其它浮浪幼虫,螅状体发育到第3天摄食能力迅速增强,能够捕食卤虫无节幼体。海蜇早期螅状体的捕食实验结果表明,早期螅状体开始捕食主要受两方面影响,一方面是口的发育,另一方面是刺细胞的发育。     

Isozymes Analysis of the Golden Cuttlefish Sepia esculenta (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae)

1　Introduction　ThegoldencuttlefishSepiaesculenta,aneriticanddemersalspecies,livesinthedepthof 1 0 - 1 0 0meters,andsometimesinseabottomsand .Itiswidelydistrib utedfromcentralHonshutoVietnamandthePhilip pines .Thegoldencuttlefishisalsoanimportantobjectof…     

可口革囊星虫早期形态及发育特征

本文报道了可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的胚胎和幼体形态发育过程.可口革囊星虫为体外授精的种类,生殖细胞在体腔液中发育生长,其成熟配子经肾管排出体外,繁殖期星虫肾管极为膨胀.光镜下成熟精子为蝌蚪状,包括一膨大的头部和一细长的尾鞭,总长度42.58±1.31μm,其中头部长4.93±0.32μm.成熟卵子为近圆形,卵径为138.4×127.8μm~145.0×125.6μm,卵膜较厚,达6.8~8.1μm,沉性卵,卵黄密度高且分布均匀.体腔内未成熟卵细胞中央区卵黄较少而略呈透明状.卵裂的类型为完全卵裂和螺旋型卵裂.原肠胚胚体外周丛生纤毛,开始依靠纤毛摆动缓慢自转.担轮幼虫呈梨形,体表纤毛发达,顶端着生一丛10~15根、长40~70μm的鞭毛,依靠鞭毛和纤毛的不停摆动作快速的螺旋曲线运动,具一定的趋光性.担轮幼虫的摄食器官与消化道尚未形成,其营养方式靠自身卵黄提供.变态为浮游的海球幼虫时体长177.5~191.2μm,摄食器官与消化道形成并开始摄食单细胞藻,海球幼虫后期体长达640~750μm.变态为稚虫后营底栖生活,初期体长750~820μm,随着稚虫的生长,身体逐步变长,内部器官逐步发育完全,成为与成体相同的形态.在28.2~29.1℃和盐度25.77的条件下,从受精卵到初孵海球幼虫的发育时间为45~48h,文中给出了在2种水温条件下各发育阶段的时序表.