一次桂北暴雨过程中低涡的发展维持机制

利用常规观测、卫星数据及ERA5再分析数据,从动力和热力角度对引发2020年5月24-25日广西北部暴雨过程的低涡发展维持机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明：低涡在滇黔桂交界一带生成,随后逐渐发展东移,对流云团及降水落区主要分布在低涡东侧及南侧。涡度方程诊断表明,低涡的发展维持主要受涡度平流项和水平散度项影响。水平风场对涡度的输送使得局地涡度减小,而水平风场的辐合效应使得局地涡度增大。将原始风场分解为地转风和非地转风分量后发现,非地转风分量主导了局地涡度的变化,非地转风水平散度项正贡献最大,扭转项次之,两者是造成低涡发展维持的主要原因。在热力作用方面,低涡发展移动过程中对流层中层附近的潜热加热正反馈也有利于低层低涡的发展维持。     

低层温度平流对华北雨雪天气过程的降水相态影响分析

利用常规地面、探空观测资料、NCEP FNL和GFS分析资料,通过对2012年11月3—4日华北地区雨雪天气过程的降水相态特征进行分析,发现涡旋外围的雨雪分界线基本与925 hPa的0℃等温线和925 hPa偏北与偏南风的流线辐合线相吻合;而涡旋中心附近的雨雪分界线则存在从涡旋西北象限向涡旋中心逆时针旋转的特征。气旋发展初期,降雪主要集中在850 hPa低涡的东北偏北象限到西北象限之间,低涡的东南象限为降雨。随着气旋强度增强,低层冷平流导致低涡西南象限温度下降,降雪落区逐渐沿气旋西侧的流场向南发展,最终呈现出气旋形状的分布特征。雨雪相态的转变取决于整个对流层低层(850~950 hPa)的温度平流状况。当900~850 hPa或者950~900 hPa出现较强暖平流时,即使其他层次存在明显冷平流,降水相态仍然可能以雨为主。低层涡旋西侧的西北冷平流是造成降雪的最重要原因,当低层气流转变为偏东风后,冷平流消失,降水相态转变为雨。     

一次中尺度对流低涡增强阶段的能量诊断分析

本文基于CFSR每日4个时次、水平分辨率为0.5°×0.5°全球预报场资料,美国NCEP中心每日4个时次、水平分辨率为1°×1°FNL全球再分析格点资料,以及华中地区国家基准站逐小时的加密降水资料,围绕2015年6月1日华中地区的一次中尺度对流低涡(mesoscale convective vortex,MCV)天气过程,通过WRF模拟和能量诊断的方法,重点研究了低涡增强期内的能量分布特征及其对低涡发展的影响机制。研究结果表明:此次MCV初生于湖北中部地区,低涡生成后向湖北东北部大别山地区移动且不断发展加强,MCV增强阶段的降水带分布由早期的三中心分布(分别位于宜昌、荆州、随州)演变为后期的纬向型雨带分布。降水产生的凝结潜热释放、对流有效位能的增强、低层暖湿气流的输送以及中层干冷空气的侵入等有利的环境场条件对低涡的增强起到了重要的推动作用。低涡的增强对能量演变有重要影响,具体表现为一方面MCV外围辐合气流随低涡发展而增强,引起对流层低层扰动动能的增加,另一方面MCV外围降水产生的凝结潜热,导致对流层中层扰动有效位能的增加,之后通过垂直气流作用使扰动有效位能向上输送,从而使对流层高层的扰动有效位能增加。另外,此次MCV增强阶段的能量制造项依次为:扰动有效位能向扰动动能的转换,不同高度层的基本气流黏性力作用效果,纬向平均有效位能向扰动有效位能的转换,以及来自系统外部扰动动能的输入。其中,扰动有效位能向扰动动能转换是对MCV发展增强的直接贡献项,对其空间分布特征进一步分析可知,在对流层低层和顶层,扰动有效位能向扰动动能转换,使辐合辐散气流增强;而在对流层中高层,扰动动能向扰动有效位能转换,为低涡发展成熟后的继续维持储备了必要的能量。     

Decadal Variation of the Impact of La Niña on the Winter Arctic Stratosphere

The impact of La Ni?a on the winter Arctic stratosphere has thus far been an ambiguous topic of research. Contradictory results have been reported depending on the La Ni?a events considered. This study shows that this is mainly due to the decadal variation of La Ni?a's impact on the winter Arctic stratosphere since the late 1970 s. Specifically,during the period1951–78,the tropospheric La Ni?a teleconnection exhibits a typical negative Pacific–North America pattern,which strongly inhibits the propagation of the planetary waves from the extratropical troposphere to the stratosphere,and leads to a significantly strengthened stratospheric polar vortex. In contrast,during 1979–2015,the La Ni?a teleconnection shifts eastwards,with an anomalous high concentrated in the northeastern Pacific. The destructive interference of the La Ni?a teleconnection with climatological stationary waves seen in the earlier period reduces greatly,which prevents the drastic reduction of planetary wave activities in the extratropical stratosphere. Correspondingly,the stratospheric response shows a less disturbed stratospheric polar vortex in winter.     

一次高原低涡与高原切变线演变过程与机理分析

对一次东移高原低涡减弱、高原切变线生成并在有利的环流背景下东南移,进而引发川渝强降水的高原切变线生成机制以及演变过程进行了初步分析。首先引入描写热带气旋的Okubo-Weiss（OW）参数（V_OW）来定量表达低涡、切变气流中旋转和变形的相对大小,确定高原切变线的潜在生成区域和发展状况。得出在高原切变线生成阶段,500 hPa等压面上V_OW值由正转负,V_OW负值带可以很好地指示高原切变线的潜在生成区域。V_OW负值强度与高原切变线强度有很好的相关性。高原切变线上以V_OW负值中心为主,但也会存在正值中心,说明在切变线上也会有气旋性涡度。此个例高原切变线以伸缩变形为主,高原切变线沿变形场的拉伸轴分布。然后通过涡度方程和总变形方程进一步分析了高原低涡减弱、高原切变线生成的动力机制。高原低涡的减弱、消失主要受散度项的影响,时间演变分析表明系统由强气旋性涡度的高原低涡演变为强辐合性的高原切变线。总变形方程中的扭转项对高原切变线的生成贡献最大,其次为水平气压梯度项,散度项最小;当高原切变线上以拉伸变形为主时,不利于其上高原低涡的发展,切变线可能是影响低涡发展的背景流场。     

Observational facts regarding the joint activities of the southwest vortex and plateau vortex after its departure from the Tibetan Plateau

Using atmospheric observational data from 1998 to 2013,station rainfall data,TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) data,as well as annual statistics for the plateau vortex and shear line,the joint activity features of sustained departure plateau vortexes(SDPVs) and southwest vortexes(SWVs) are analyzed.Some new and useful observational facts and understanding are obtained about the joint activities of the two types of vortex.The results show that:(1) The joint active period of the two vortexes is from May to August,and mostly in June and July.(2) The SDPVs of the partnership mainly originate near Zaduo,while the SWVs come from Jiulong.(3) Most of the two vortexes move in almost the same direction,moving eastward together with the low trough.The SDPVs mainly act in the area to the north of the Yangtze River,while the SWVs are situated across the Yangtze River valley.(4) The joint activity of the two vortexes often produces sustained regional heavy rainfall to the south of the Yellow River,influencing wide areas of China,and even as far as the Korean Peninsula,Japan and Vietnam.(5) Most of the two vortexes are baroclinic or cold vortexes,and they both become strengthened in terms of their joint activity.(6) When the two vortexes move over the sea,their central pressure descends and their rainfall increases,especially for SWVs.(7) The two vortexes might spin over the same area simultaneously when there are tropical cyclones in the eastern and southern seas of China,or move southward together if a tropical cyclone appears near Hainan Island.     

2013年初夏湖北两次低涡暴雨对比分析*

利用NCEP提供的高时空分辨率的GFS(Global Forecast System)0.5o×0.5o再分析资料和常规气象资料,对2013年初夏湖北两次低涡暴雨进行了对比分析。结果表明：（1）两次暴雨落区不同,5月暴雨由湖北西部向东北方向发展,主要位于湖北西部和中北部;而6月暴雨由湖北西南部向东发展,强降水主要位于湖北中部和东部。（2）两次暴雨落区不同是由于低涡移动的路径不同造成的,而低涡的移动路径受高低空配置的影响,不同的高低空配置导致这两次低涡暴雨的差异。（3）500hPa正的涡度平流使低涡移动发展,对低涡暴雨的发展和移动有很好的指导意义,而6月暴雨500hPa存在强正涡度平流中心,使低涡东移发展加强;另外,对流层低层温度平流对低涡的移动有引导作用。（4）边界层水汽辐合为低涡造成的强降水提供了充足的水汽条件。     

滨海新区2014-06-22强对流天气过程分析

依据常规高空、地面观测及雷达资料,对2014年6月22日滨海新区的强对流天气(短时强降水、冰雹)过程进行分析。结果表明:1)500 h Pa低涡位于40°N,滨海新区上游有冷空气侵入,并且700 h Pa和850 h Pa也有切变线存在,是滨海新区地区发生强对流天气的环流背景。2)对流层低层水汽充沛,探空CAPE、SWEAT等指数指示意义较好,存在较好的不稳定能量和弱的垂直风切变,尤其是地域性的海风过程提供了触发条件和底层水汽。3)雷达回波演变上可以清晰看到出流边界(阵风锋)和海风锋共同作用触发单体回波及单体发展、旺盛、消亡演变过程。该过程中,冰雹移动路径沿滨海新区地面辐合线(海风锋)呈东北—西南向移动,该路径是滨海新区的强对流天气常有的移动路径之一。     

1979—2019年持续性东北冷涡过程特征分析

利用1979年1月至2019年12月的ERA5资料,采用小波分析、突变M-K检验等统计方法,对1979—2019年持续时间在3 d及以上的东北冷涡过程特征进行分析。结果表明: 持续性东北冷涡过程的年平均发生次数为32.8次,最多41次,最少22次; 其中5—6月最多。年总频次存在17 a、9 a、5 a和3 a的变化周期。东北冷涡过程持续时间越长,出现的几率越小,持续时间最长的一次为13 d; 持续3 d的东北冷涡过程最多,持续9 d和10 d的过程出现频率接近十年一遇,出现10 d以上的冷涡过程6月最多。南涡出现的频次明显少于北涡和中涡,中涡最多; 北涡各月频次差异不明显,中涡、南涡5月和6月明显多于其他月份。在120°—130°E、45°—55°N的区域冷涡中心相对密集。夏、冬半年东北冷涡极端偏多月份东亚地区均为两脊一槽型。     

PV Perspective of Impacts on Downstream Extreme Rainfall Event of a Tibetan Plateau Vortex Collaborating with a Southwest China Vortex

An extreme rainfall event occurred over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze Basin(MLY) during the end of June 2016, which was attributable to a Tibetan Plateau(TP) Vortex(TPV) in conjunction with a Southwest China Vortex(SWCV). The physical mechanism for this event was investigated from Potential Vorticity(PV) and omega perspectives based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data. The cyclogenesis of the TPV over the northwestern TP along with the lowertropospheric SWCV was found to involve a midtropospheric large-scale flow reconfiguration across western and eastern China with the formation of a high-amplitude Rossby wave. Subsequently, the eastward-moving TPV coalesced vertically with the SWCV over the eastern Sichuan Basin due to the positive vertical gradient of the TPV-related PV advection,leading the lower-tropospheric jet associated with moisture transport to intensify greatly and converge over the downstream MLY. The merged TPV-SWCV specially facilitated the upper-tropospheric isentropic-gliding ascending motion over the MLY. With the TPV-embedded mid-tropospheric trough migrating continuously eastward, the almost stagnant SWCV was re-separated from the overlying TPV, forming a more eastward-tilted high-PV configuration to trigger stronger ascending motion including isentropic-gliding, isentropic-displacement, and diabatic heating-related ascending components over the MLY. This led to more intense rainfall. Quantitative PV diagnoses demonstrate that both the coalescence and subsequent re-separation processes of the TPV with the SWCV were largely dominated by horizontal PV advection and PV generation due to vertically nonuniform diabatic heating, as well as the feedback of condensation latent heating on the isentropicdisplacement vertical velocity.