Seasonal physical–chemical structure and acoustic Doppler current profiler flow patterns over multiple years in a shallow, stratified estuary, with implications for lateral variability

The overall goal of this study was to strengthen understanding of the hydrographic structure in shallow estuaries as influenced by seasonal and depth-dependent variability, and by variability from extreme meteorological events. The mesohaline Neuse Estuary, North Carolina, U.S.A., which was the focus, receives surface inputs from upriver and tributary freshwater sources and bottom inputs from downriver high-salinity sound water sources, resulting in varying degrees of stratification. To assess depth-dependent, estuary-wide changes in salinity, a multiple time series was created using data from four discrete depths (surface and 1, 2, and 3 m±0.25 m). The database was developed from weekly to biweekly sampling of the entire water column, and included side-channel as well as mid-channel data. We characterized seasonal differences in halocline depth affecting the hydrographic structure of the mesohaline estuary and site-specific variation in nutrient concentrations, based on a comprehensive eight-year physical/chemical database. The first two years of the record showed an expected seasonal signal and included events that impacted the surface layer from freshwater inputs. Remaining years had greater variability over seasons and depths, with freshening events that affected all depths. Halocline depth was compared at specific locations, and a “snapshot” view was provided of the relative depth of these water masses within the estuary by season. We also examined flow patterns at the same cross-estuary sites over a three-year period, using a boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) with bottom-tracking capability. Composite visualizations constructed with single-transect ADCP data revealed a classical estuarine circulation pattern of outflow at the surface/southern shore and inflow at the bottom/northern shore. Although this pattern deviated under extreme climatological events and was sometimes variable, the estuary generally exhibited a high probability of direction of flow. Wind fields, hurricanes, and small-scale, high-precipitation events represented significant forcing variables.     

Annual cycle of stratification and tidal fronts in the Bohai Sea: A model study

In general, competition between buoyancy mechanisms and mixing dynamics largely determines the water column structure in a shelf sea. A three dimensional baroclinic ocean model forced by surface heat fluxes and the 2.5 order Mellor-Yamada turbulence scheme is used to simulate the annual cycle of the temperature in the Bohai Sea. The difference between the sea surface temperature (SST) and sea bottom temperature (SBT) is used to examine the evolution of its vertical stratification. It is found that the water column is well-mixed from October to March and that the seasonal thermocline appears in April, peaks in July and then weakens afterwards, closely following the heat budget. In addition, the Loder parameter based on the topography and tidal current amplitude is also computed in order to examine tidal fronts in the BS, which are evident in summer months when the wind stirring mechanism is weak.     

Experimental Investigation on Hydrodynamic Behavior of the Geometric Spar Platform

1.IntroductionThe spar technology has been used off shore for many years in applications such as research ves-sels,communicationrelaystations,andstorage and offloading platformslikethe Brent spar(Downieetal.,2000;Incecik,2000;Marcioet al.,2003).In1996,the…     

Study on Floating Properties and Stability of Air Floated Structures

In this paper, the buoyancy, kinetic properties and stability of air floated structures have been studied by theoretical and experimental methods. The ecpjations for calculation of the buoyancy of the air floated buoy are derived according to the Boyler law and the equilibrium equations of the air floated structure are established. Through simplification of the air floated structure as a single freedom rigid body and spring system, the natura! period of heaving and some kinetic properties are discussed. In the stability analysis, the formulas for calculation of the meta centric height are presented. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the data observed from the model test and prototype test. The air buoyancy de-crease coefficient presented in this paper has a large influence on the floating state, stability and dynamic properties of the air floated structure. The stability of the air floated structure can also be judged by the parameter of meta centric height, and calculations show that t     

Buoyancy of convective-scale updrafts in the outer cores of sheared tropical cyclones

通常认为局地浮力与对流活动息息相关。本文统计分析了不同强度垂直风切变影响下热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动的浮力特征。研究发现,弱至中等强度的垂直风切变环境下,顺切变象限的浮力大于逆切变象限的浮力,顺切变象限的总浮力随风切变的增大而减小。而在极端强度的风切变影响下,大部分总浮力为负值。热力浮力、动力浮力与上升运动垂直质量输送没有明显相关性,因此总浮力和垂直质量输送也无显著相关性。上述结果加深了我们对热带气旋外核区对流发生发展过程的物理认识。     

钢板式浮塞下管工艺在煤矿大口径工程井中的应用

针对煤矿大口径工程井采用常规水泥浮塞下管技术存在的施工工序多、钻井液易污染、水泥块沉渣多和易残留等工艺缺陷,以霍州某煤矿大口径瓦斯抽采钻孔工程实践为例,开展钢板式浮塞下管技术研究。介绍了该技术的工艺原理,对瓦斯孔工作套管发生弹性失稳变形和材料屈服破坏的临界强度进行校核计算,开展了钢板浮塞的结构和装配方案设计,并对其强度进行验算。采用本工艺完成直径836 mm,重150 t瓦斯抽采管路的下放作业。经实践验证,该技术可减少下管固井期间起下钻工作量,缩短作业时间,成井后套管内无水泥块残留,且工艺制作过程简单、操作方便,可为今后类似工程施工提供经验和借鉴。     

热带西太平洋浮力频率的垂直分布和经向变化

根据实测资料(1986-1990年),分析了热带西太平洋(165°E,10°N～10°S)浮力频率的垂直分布和经向变化,讨论了浮力频率与海水稳定度和海洋内波位能的关系。分析结果表明,赤道海域浮力频率的垂直分布和经向变化具有明显的年际变化。其垂直分布的特点是:浮力频率的垂直变化与位温梯度dθdz的垂直变化相似。在ENSO前期或初期,浮力频率在垂直方向上的极大值达到最大,此时跃层最强,但其厚度最薄;在LaNi na期间,垂直方向的极大值明显小于ENSO前期和初期,此时跃层较厚,跃层强度次之;在ENSO末期,垂直方向上的极值介于上述两者之间。此时跃层厚度最为深厚,跃层强度最弱。浮力频率的经向变化是:在ENSO前期和初期,赤道海域的垂向极大值明显高于赤道外海洋;在LaNi na期间,它明显低于赤道外海洋;而在ENSO末期,则与赤道外海洋无显著差异;在8°N,有一个近乎定常的浮力频率峰值,几乎与ENSO或LaNi na的年际变化无关。     

夏季长江河口层化与湍流混合特征分析

利用2016年夏季长江河口现场水文特性与湍流微结构观测资料, 分析了长江河口水体温盐结构、层化发育、湍流与混合特征。结果表明: 1)夏季长江河口水体密度层化结构明显, 根据各层水体密度梯度差异, 可将水体分为底部混合层和上层密度跃层, 两部分的密度层化界限与浮力频率等值线lg N ² = - 4.0接近。2)底部混合层湍动能耗散率大, 层化结构弱, 水体分层稳定性弱; 上层密度跃层湍动能耗散小, 层化结构强, 水体分层稳定性强, 这有利于河口内波的发育与传播。3)在密度层化的作用下, 水体的湍动能耗散率、湍动能剪切生成及浮力通量的能量关系在一定范围内符合湍动能局部能量平衡方程。不同层之间的湍流弗劳德数Fr_t和湍流雷诺数Re_t在Fr_t-Re_t平面上呈现明显的分区, 与经典的分层剪切流理论基本吻合。     

An individual-based model study of anchovy early life history in the northern Humboldt Current system

We used an individual-based model of anchovy (Engraulis ringens) early life history coupled with hydrodynamic outputs from the regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS) to investigate the factors driving variability in egg and larval survival rates in the northern Humboldt upwelling region off Peru. Individuals were released within a coastal area and followed for a period of 30 days. Those that were still in the coastal area at that time were considered as retained. We investigated the spatial and temporal variability in the release locations of the individuals retained, and compared these to observed egg concentration patterns reconstructed from a 40-year period of monitoring. A first set of simulations using passive particles to represent anchovy eggs and larvae revealed a large sensitivity of the results to the initial vertical distribution of particles. We then conducted two additional sets of simulations that included the effect of egg buoyancy, larval vertical swimming behavior and lethal temperature. We obtained (1) maximal coastal retention close to the surface in winter and in deeper layers in summer, (2) a large influence of egg buoyancy and of larval vertical behavior on coastal retention in all seasons, (3) a partial match between dates and locations of enhanced retention and observed egg concentration patterns and (4) a low effect of lethal temperature on survival except when associated with high egg density. The model suggests that an optimal temporal spawning pattern for maximizing coastal retention would have two maximums, the most significant in austral winter and the second in summer. This pattern agrees roughly with observed spawning seasonality, but with temporal discrepancy of about two months in the peaks of both series. Spatially, we obtained higher retention from 10 S to 20 S, whereas the observed maximum egg concentration was located between 6°S and 14°S. Among the three sets of simulations, the one taking into account larval vertical swimming behavior lead to the best match with the data.     

一次多弓状中尺度雨带的成因机理及其与水平涡度的关系

用WRF中尺度数值模式、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、多普勒雷达观测资料等,对2018年5月5日发生在我国华中地区的一次多弓状雨带降水过程的形成机理及其与水平涡度的关系进行分析发现:雨带发生在切变线南侧的西南气流中,多弓状雨带出现前,大尺度高低层气旋式曲率的水平涡度和对流有效位能为降水提供了有利于上升运动的背景场。弓状雨带最初形成在对流不稳定和低层气流辐合条件下,局地强降水引发的下沉运动使中低层大风出现,大风中心南侧反气旋式的环流与背景场中的西南气流汇合构成了短波槽,尾部雨带出现在短波槽中,弓状头部生成于北侧的气旋式风场切变中,大风中心相较南北两侧更快的移速使雨带中部向前侧凸起。流场上的短波槽发生在700 hPa以下,在西南气流的背景场下,该槽向前后两侧的双向传播是多弓状雨带形成的重要触发因子。中尺度弓状雨带附近低层的水平涡度在强盛期、减弱期和消散期有着明显不同的结构特征;而在高层,雨带发展时和强盛期都为气旋式水平涡度控制,减弱期多为反气旋式水平涡度控制。