X波段双极化多普勒天气雷达极限降水的估计能力

首先分析了X波段双极化多普勒天气雷达降水估计的误差来源及其影响,然后分析了信比、积累阶数对降水估计精度的影响,明确雷达系统本身的测量误差所能达到的理想程度,结果表明在双通道的积累次数M=64,信噪比SNR=10dB的条件下差分反射率的σ(ZDR)=0.32dB,则相应R(Z,ZDR)的降水估计精度最好能达到44%,同样条件下差分相位的σ(ΦDP)=0.08°,那么在降水率R=50mm/h时R(KDP)的降水估计精度最好能达8.6%。     

X波段一维扫描有源相控阵天气雷达测试定标方法

该文根据有源相控阵天气雷达的体制特点,参考多普勒天气雷达测试定标方法,提出了一维扫描有源相控阵天气雷达的测试和定标方法,将测试重点放在天馈系统、T/R组件、脉冲压缩、动态范围的测试和定标上,以解决不同观测模式、不同波位的天线增益等参数变化引起的回波强度测量误差问题。测试结果表明:天馈系统在不同观测模式下的天线参数随仰角的变化情况、波束指向的准确度、T/R组件的动态范围等均符合设计要求,回波强度和径向速度定标精度较高。雷达经过测试和定标后,于2014年5—8月分别在安徽定远和四川甘孜进行外场试验,并与附近多普勒天气雷达 (SA) 和C波段双线偏振雷达观测数据进行对比,结果表明:回波强度误差在合理范围内,精细测量、警戒搜索、快速观测3种模式观测的强回波的水平和垂直位置、结构和系统误差均比较一致,数据可靠。     

风云二号F星太阳X射线探测器在轨探测初步成果

风云二号系列卫星以自旋稳定方式工作于地球静止轨道,太阳X射线探测器是该系列卫星的重要有效载荷,监测太阳耀斑爆发过程,并对太阳质子事件等灾害性的空间天气事件进行预警.卫星自旋一周,该探测器完成一次全日面观测,记录太阳X射线的能谱与流量.2012年初,太阳活动进入第24周峰年,风云二号卫星太阳X射线探测器的在轨运行取得了良好的观测结果.相比于过去的太阳X射线探测器,风云二号F星的太阳X射线探测器应用了硅漂移探测(Silicon Drift Detector,SDD)技术,对GEO轨道海量的高能带电粒子采取了有效的屏蔽措施,可以对更"软"的X射线进行观测,能谱分辨率本领达到国际先进水平,对太阳耀斑的量化定级精度更高,在轨初步观测结果表明,精确的能谱探测能力可提高太阳质子事件预警能力,能道响应的时间特性比过去的探测数据更准确地反映了太阳耀斑的加热过程和带电粒子加速特性.本文介绍了风云二号F星太阳X射线探测器的设计及其发射前的标定试验结果,并且对发射后在轨运行获得的初步探测成果进行分析和讨论.     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎CT表现及临床价值

目的: 研究胆脂瘤型中耳炎CT表现,并探讨其临床价值。 方法: 15例19耳胆脂瘤型中耳炎,均经乳突根治术及病理证实,结合手术对照分析其CT表现。 结果: ①发生部位:主要位于中耳腔,占93%(14/15)。位于中耳腔及乳突窦,占27%(4/15)。位于岩锥,占7%(1/15)。②CT表现:窦腔内软组织肿块,骨质破坏,prussaks间隙增宽,窦腔破坏区周边硬化。 结论: CT检查能准确显示胆脂瘤型中耳炎影像特征,对胆脂瘤型中耳炎诊断和鉴别诊断有重要作用,对手术具有十分重要的指导意义。     

Influence of pore size and geometry on peat unsaturated hydraulic conductivity computed from 3D computed tomography image analysis

In organic soils, hydraulic conductivity is related to the degree of decomposition and soil compression, which reduce the effective pore diameter and consequently restrict water flow. This study investigates how the size distribution and geometry of air‐filled pores control the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of peat soils using high‐resolution (45 µm) three‐dimensional (3D) X‐ray computed tomography (CT) and digital image processing of four peat sub‐samples from varying depths under a constant soil water pressure head. Pore structure and configuration in peat were found to be irregular, with volume and cross‐sectional area showing fractal behaviour that suggests pores having smaller values of the fractal dimension in deeper, more decomposed peat, have higher tortuosity and lower connectivity, which influences hydraulic conductivity. The image analysis showed that the large reduction of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with depth is essentially controlled by air‐filled pore hydraulic radius, tortuosity, air‐filled pore density and the fractal dimension due to degree of decomposition and compression of the organic matter. The comparisons between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity computed from the air‐filled pore size and geometric distribution showed satisfactory agreement with direct measurements using the permeameter method. This understanding is important in characterizing peat properties and its heterogeneity for monitoring the progress of complex flow processes at the field scale in peatlands. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TEROS:雷暴高能辐射观测系统的设计与实现

为获取雷暴高能辐射的强度、能量及时间等信息,本文设计了一套基于双通道闪烁体探测器的分布式雷暴高能辐射观测系统.该系统由远程终端单元和高能辐射探测单元组成,基于本底放射性统计涨落实现了短爆发事件的在线识别,并可通过累积能谱数据离线检索γ射线辉光事件,具有测量能量范围宽、抗干扰能力强、易组网等特点.利用碘化钠闪烁体探测器建立的国内首个分布式雷暴高能辐射观测系统在人工引雷试验中得到应用验证,在全部5次人工触发闪电的22次先导/回击过程中,捕获到17次高能辐射事件.试验结果表明该系统具备复杂电磁环境下的雷暴高能辐射在线监测与数据采集能力,将为本领域研究持续提供观测资料,推动国内高能大气物理研究的发展.

     

Bayes判别分析法与地震短临预测

建立了一套完整的Bayes判别分析方法,并提出了明确的衡量综合预测结果所冒风险大小的风险代价比Kdn该方法可用于不同时间尺度的地震综合预测。选取云南地区1994～1996年的水氡观测资料,采用X2统计检验法识别前兆异常,利用Bayes判别分析方法对云南地区的强震活动性进行了内符检验和外推预测。在风险代价比Kdn取4的情况下,内符检验的R值可达0．54,外推时空占有率0．07,获得了满意的效果。     

VCT的技术特性和临床价值

本文介绍了Light Speed VCT的技术特性,包括硬件、软件和图像重建的技术进步,以及这些技术进步带来的图像质量上的改进和临床应用。这些先进的临床应用包括5秒心脏成像、胸痛三联诊等。探讨了降低病人剂量的重要性以及实现图像质量和X射线剂量的和谐和同一。     

Atmospheric nitrogen inputs into the North Sea: effect on productivity

The ANICE (Atmospheric Nitrogen Inputs into the Coastal Ecosystem) project addressed the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to the North Sea, with emphasis on coastal effects. ANICE focused on quantifying the deposition of inorganic nitrogen compounds to the North Sea and the governing processes. An overview of the results from modelling and experimental efforts is presented. They serve to identify the role of the atmosphere as a source of biologically essential chemical species to the marine biota. Data from the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (UK) are used to evaluate the effect of short episodes with very high atmospheric nitrogen concentrations. One such episode resulted in an average deposition of 0.8 mmol N m⁻² day⁻¹, which has the potential to promote primary productivity of 5.3 mmol C m⁻² day⁻¹. This value is compared to long-term effects determined from model results. The total calculated atmospheric deposition to the North Sea in 1999 is 948 kg N km⁻¹, i.e. 0.19 mmol N m⁻² day⁻¹ which has the potential to promote primary productivity of 1.2 mmol C m⁻² day⁻¹. Detailed results for August 1999 show strong gradients across the North Sea due to adjacent areas where emissions of NO_x and NH₃ are among the highest in Europe. The average atmospheric deposition to the southern part of the North Sea in August 1999 could potentially promote primary production of 2.0 mmol C m⁻² day⁻¹, i.e. 5.5% of the total production at this time of the year in this area of the North Sea. For the entire study area the atmospheric contribution to the primary production per m² is about two-third of this value. Most of the deposition occurs during short periods with high atmospheric concentrations. This atmospheric nitrogen is almost entirely anthropogenic in origin and thus represents a human-induced perturbation of the ecosystem.     

火星O2(a1Δg)气辉高光谱分辨辐射传输特性研究

1.27 μm波段的氧分子近红外气辉是火星大气最重要的气辉辐射之一, 该气辉高光谱分辨辐射传输模型的建立对于研制火星探测载荷, 反演火星大气的风场温度场与臭氧浓度, 以及研究火星空间物理, 有重要的科学价值与工程意义.在研究火星大气O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉光化学反应模型的基础上, 提出了O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉体辐射率的计算方法, 并建立了火星大气气辉辐射传输理论; 通过与用于研究火星大气特征的光谱学探测仪(Spectroscopy Spectrograph for the Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars, SPICAM)的实测数据进行对比, 验证了所建立的火星O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉高光谱分辨辐射传输模型的准确性; 针对火星与地球大气的O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉, 在体辐射率、自吸收效应, 以及临边辐射光谱特性三个方面进行了系统深入的比较, 对比结果表明, 火星大气由于密度低、氧气丰度小, 其自吸收效应可以忽略不计, 但其O₂(a¹Δ_g)气辉辐射强度与地球大气相当, 可以用于火星大气的风场温度场与臭氧浓度的探测与反演.