A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation,Alberta, Canada

A recently discovered articulated partial skeleton of Ornithomimus from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada is remarkable in the extent and quality of preservation of integumentary structures including feathers. It is the first ornithomimid to preserve a tail bearing extensive plumaceous feathers that are slightly more elongate in comparison to those present on the remainder of the body. However, the underside of the tail and the hind limb distal to the middle of the femur appear devoid of plumage. Overall, the plumage pattern in Ornithomimus is similar to that of Struthio camelus (ostrich) and other large palaeognaths, indicating a probable function in thermoregulation. The specimen also preserves the body outline around the legs, including a skin contour anterior to the femur, analogous to skin webs in extant birds. Whereas the knee web of birds bridges the knee to the abdomen, in Ornithomimus it spans from the mid-femoral shaft to the abdomen, and is herein referred to as an anterior femoral web. This is the first report of such soft tissue structures in non-avian theropods. It may indicate that the resting position of the femur was positioned more anteroventrally in ornithomimids than in most theropods, and in that sense may have been transitional to the situation in modern birds.     

河口学调查研究的近期进展

本文从河口学的调查技术和理论研究两方面.对国外河口学调查研究近况进行了阐述,并在此基础上提出当前发展的特点,即基础理论研究获得突破性进展;广泛采用新技术;注意研究方法的改进和多学科合作,进行综合研究,共同解决问题。     

生物海洋学的研究状况

本文阐述了生物海洋学的内容及其研究状况。根据我国沿海特点,建议我国今后对生物海洋学研究的重点是:1.对不同水域初级生产力的研究。2.对沿海小型底栖生物在海洋生态系统能流和物质循环中的作用研究。3.河口,有代表性海域可溶性有机物(DOM)、颗粒有机物(POM)的来源、数量分布、化学组成,以及在海洋食物链的作用和鱼虾产卵场变动关系的研究。4.沿海养殖环境生原要素循环、环境容量及病害发生的环境研究。5.海洋生物对重要有机污染物和海藻毒素的吸收、富集、代谢、在食物链传递,以及生态影响和生态监测研究。6.沿海植物性碎屑向近海输运,及其在食物链中的作用研究。7.浮游生物的群集、支配群集因素,以及和渔业关系的研究。8.选择代表性海域开展物质通量的研究。     

铰接式浮标性能研究

铰接式浮标作为一种新型助航标志越来越受到海监部门的欢迎。铰接式浮标具有良好的水动力性能，在风流中静倾角及在波浪中摇摆角都较小，而且定位准确。本文对铰接式浮标的结构及其水动力性能计算方法作了介绍，并在国家重点实验室──海洋工程实验室作了系列试验，得出一些有益的结果，为优化设计提供了依据。     

Catchment area‐based evaluation of the AMC‐dependent SCS‐CN‐based rainfall–runoff models

Using a large set of rainfall–runoff data from 234 watersheds in the USA, a catchment area‐based evaluation of the modified version of the Mishra and Singh (2002a) model was performed. The model is based on the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS‐CN) methodology and incorporates the antecedent moisture in computation of direct surface runoff. Comparison with the existing SCS‐CN method showed that the modified version performed better than did the existing one on the data of all seven area‐based groups of watersheds ranging from 0·01 to 310·3 km². Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to downscaling ratios and storm types in rainfall simulation

Accurate information of rainfall is needed for sustainable water management and more reliable flood forecasting. The advances in mesoscale numerical weather modelling and modern computing technologies make it possible to provide rainfall simulations and forecasts at increasingly higher resolutions in space and time. However, being one of the most difficult variables to be modelled, the quality of the rainfall products from the numerical weather model remains unsatisfactory for hydrological applications. In this study, the sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is investigated using different domain settings and various storm types to improve the model performance of rainfall simulation. Eight 24‐h storm events are selected from the Brue catchment, southwest England, with different spatial and temporal distributions of the rainfall intensity. Five domain configuration scenarios designed with gradually changing downscaling ratios are used to run the WRF model with the ECMWF 40‐year reanalysis data for the periods of the eight events. A two‐dimensional verification scheme is proposed to evaluate the amounts and distributions of simulated rainfall in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The verification scheme consists of both categorical and continuous indices for a first‐level assessment and a more quantitative evaluation of the simulated rainfall. The results reveal a general improvement of the model performance as we downscale from the outermost to the innermost domain. Moderate downscaling ratios of 1:7, 1:5 and 1:3 are found to perform better with the WRF model in giving more reasonable results than smaller ratios. For the sensitivity study on different storm types, the model shows the best performance in reproducing the storm events with spatial and temporal evenness of the observed rainfall, whereas the type of events with highly concentrated rainfall in space and time are found to be the trickiest case for WRF to handle. Finally, the efficiencies of several variability indices are verified in categorising the storm events on the basis of the two‐dimensional rainfall evenness, which could provide a more quantitative way for the event classification that facilitates further studies. It is important that similar studies with various storm events are carried out in other catchments with different geographic and climatic conditions, so that more general error patterns can be found and further improvements can be made to the rainfall products from mesoscale numerical weather models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅海型水下滑翔机技术研究现状分析

美国Teledyne Webb Research公司按照型号系列化、结构模块化和测量多样化的设计思路研制水下滑翔机,其Slocum 200浅海型和Slocum 1000深海型水下滑翔机在海洋环境观测领域具有广泛的客户需求。文中以200 m浅海型和1 000 m深海型两款水下滑翔机为例,详细对比了两者的技术特点,并在此基础上阐述了两者各自适用的海洋环境观测应用范围,两者优势互补,难以取代对方。浅海型水下滑翔机具有锯齿剖面密度大、折返机动性高和平均前向速度快的特点,适合在近海岸、陆架坡折和深海温跃层等区域对高时空变率海洋现象进行观测。近几年,我国深海型水下滑翔机技术取得了惊人进步,同时,我国浅海型水下滑翔机技术也在快速发展,这对推动我国海洋环境监测业务水平的提升意义重大。     

结构抗震设计理论与方法的沿革和比较

结构抗震设计理论与方法是地震工程学的核心内容,随着破坏性地震的不断发生和人们对震害认识的不断深化,结构抗震设计理论与方法逐步发展和完善。本文较全面地总结了结构抗震设计理论的形成与发展演化过程,并对不同结构抗震设计理论与方法进行比较研究,详细介绍基于强度的结构抗震设计方法、基于性态的结构抗震设计方法和基于韧性的结构抗震设计理念。在此基础上,提出了进一步开展建筑抗震韧性研究的建议。     

建筑结构基础隔震技术的研究和应用

本文介绍了建筑结构基础隔震基本原理、隔震系统分类、隔震技术进展、隔震设计一般流程、隔震相关专著、隔震规范和应用软件,并提出隔震技术推广中有待解决的几个问题。     

我国人地关系研究进展评述

我国科学化的人地关系研究，起步于20世纪初期，受西方“科学思潮”和我国古代地理学特质的双重影响，形成了以人地关系研究为核心、注重人文与自然统一和野外考察的传统。50年代至70年代，人文地球学一度遭到否定，地理学的自然研究与人文研究出现严重割裂，科学体系的建立被长期中断，致使人地关系研究全面衰退。80年代以来，我国人地关系研究在科学体系和理论体系的构建、国际学术前沿领域的追踪、人地关系地域系统等方面取得长足发展，文章在总结我国人地关系研究进展和存在问题基础上，提出今后研究方向和发展对策。