供水管井允许出水量的合理确定

每一眼管井在井结构确定的条件下,有一个最大允许出水量,而盲目追求增大出水量,势必造成管井涌砂,过滤管腐蚀和堵塞的加剧。松散含水层供水管井允许出水量既要满足地下水允许开采量“宏观”定义要求,从供水管井使用寿命考虑又要满足管井两个流速参数:井壁允许进水流速和滤管允许进水流速。本文给出了管井允许出水量确定方法和计算框图,并以实例说明之,在具体应用时某些细节也予以了说明。     

西藏直孔水电站大坝混凝土防渗墙超前支护成槽试验研究及施工

在西藏直孔水电站松散砂卵石地层混凝土防渗墙成槽施工中，结合坝基水文地质及工程地质特点，创造性地提出了超前支护成槽方案，通过三维应力模拟和渗透试验，结合现场生产试验，对原方案更进一步完善，在施工中加以应用获得了成功。     

钢管桩土钉墙复合支护体系在某基坑工程中的应用

通过基坑采用的钢管桩＋土钉墙复合支护体系施工应用,介绍其设计思路、计算过程、验算及最终效果,论述了该支护体系在类似施工条件下,具有较大的技术及经济优势。     

大直径杯型冻土壁温度场数值分析

结合南京地铁10号线过江隧道盾构始发工程,运用有限元软件建立三维数值模型,对大直径杯型冻土壁温度场的发展与分布规律进行研究,分析不同因素对该温度场的影响规律,比较研究不同土层下该温度场的降温规律。数值计算表明:在设计冻结方案下,杯型冻土帷幕厚度满足加固范围要求,开始交圈时间由早到迟依次为外圈管中圈管内圈管,形成闭合大直径杯型冻结帷幕的时间为12 d;冻结壁交圈时间随导热系数的增大而线性减小,随容积热容量和原始地温的增大而线性增大,原始地温每升高5℃,冻结壁交圈时间增加约1 d;相变潜热变化对冻结初期和后期土体降温过程几乎没有影响;不同土层降温速度由快到慢分别为砂土水泥土黏土水泥土,砂土黏土;砂土水泥土与砂土、黏土水泥土与黏土几乎同时达到相变阶段;无论水泥改良与否,砂土总比黏土的开始交圈时间早4 d。所得结果为今后类似工程设计提供了理论依据。     

Geotechnical characterization of slump scars,eroded slopes,and correlated deposits on continental margins: Gulf of Lions,Western Mediterranean sea

Abstract

Vertical variations of geotechnical properties in the uppermost sediment layers characterize the main sedimentary processes acting on the construction and destruction of progressive‐type continental slopes. In the Gulf of Lions, the original thicknesses and distribution of the uppermost sedimentary layers of the continental slope and rise, which consist of Holocene muds overlying Pleistocene muds, have been greatly modified by erosion and several kinds of slope failure processes. Each process is typified through sets of geotechnical properties measured in the eroded or slumped sections and in the associated sediment accumulations.

In slump scars, the water‐rich Holocene muds lie on fine, overconsolidated, Pleistocene muds with high plasticity and low shear strength. In bottom current‐eroded slopes, where modern sedimentation is extremely reduced, the Pleistocene muds frequently outcrop and may sometimes be overlain by a very thin layer of Holocene muds. The Pleistocene muds of eroded slopes are overconsolidated and more silty and less plastic than the Pleistocene muds from slopes affected by slope failure, their shear strength being 10 times greater.

Deposits at the toe of slumps are very often formed by several superposed three‐layer units (triplets of interstratified Holocene, transitional, and Pleistocene layers) issued from retrogressive slumping occurring in the slump scars above their head area. The main body of each layer is then relatively undisturbed, showing the usual burial geotechnical gradients due to overburden pressure (i.e., decrease of water content and increase of unit weight and shear strength). At the toe of bottom current‐eroded slopes, a thick and homogeneous layer of Holocene muds overlies the Pleistocene muds; this Holocene layer has unappreciable burial depth gradient of its geotechnical parameters because of a high rate of modem and continuous deposition.     

Experimental study on mechanism of sea-dike failure due to wave overtopping

This work, which was largely a fruit of China's national marine hazard mitigation service, explicitly reveals the major mechanism of sea-dike failure during wave overtopping. A large group of wave-flume experiments were conducted for sea dikes with varying geometric characteristics and pavement types. The erosion and slide of the landward slope due to the combined effect of normal hit and great shear from overtopping flows was identified the major trigger of the destabilization of sea dikes. Once the intermittent hydrodynamic load and swash caused any deformation (bump or dent) of the pavement layer, pavement fractions (slabs or rubble) on the slope started to be initiated and removed by the water. The erosion of the landward slope was then gradually aggravated followed by entire failure within a couple of minutes. Hence, the competent velocity would be helpful evaluate the failure risk if as well accounted in standards or criteria. However, the dike top was measured experiencing the largest hydrodynamic pressure with a certain cap while the force on the wall increased rapidly as the overtopping intensity approached the dike-failure threshold. The faster increase of the force on the wall than on the landward slope yielded the sequencing of loads reaching hypothetic limits before failure as: dike top – top-mounted wall – landward slope. Therefore, beside the slide failure, the fatigue damage due to the instantaneous hydrodynamic impact might be another mechanism of the dike failure, which did not appear in the experiment but should be kept in mind. Instead of the widely adopted tolerable overtopping rate, a 0.117–0.424 m³/(m s) range of overtopping discharge and a 10 m/s overtopping velocity for the failure risk of typical sea dikes along China's coastlines were suggested, which enables the possible failure risk prediction through empirical calculations. The failure overtopping rate was identified strongly dependent on the pavement material, the landward slope and the dike-mounted wall but showed little variation with the width of the dike top. The flat concrete pavement and gentle landward slopes are suggested for the dike design and construction. For given configurations and hydrodynamic conditions in the experiment, the dike without the wall experienced less overtopping volume than those with the 1-m top-mounted wall. Meanwhile, the remove of the wall increased the failure overtopping rate, which means a certain increase of the failure criterion. Thus, care must be taken to conclude that the dike-mounted wall seems not an entirely appropriate reinforcement for the stability and safety of coastal protections. This should be further checked and discussed by researchers and engineers in the future.     

Wave-porous structure interaction modelling using Improved Meshless Local Petrov Galerkin method

This paper presents the application of the Improved Meshless Local Petrov Galerkin method with Rankine source (Sriram and Ma, 2012) Sriram and Ma (2012) for wave interaction with porous structure model. The mathematical model is based on a unified governing equation that incorporates both pure fluid and porous region. The porous flow model is based on the empirical resistance coefficients. The interface between the pure fluid and porous region is numerically treated using background nodes having the porosity information and interpolated over the particle using simplified finite difference interpolation method. The model is validated using the available experimental results for wave damping over the permeable bed. The developed model is used to analyse the different shape of the seawall such as flaring shaped seawall, recurve wall and vertical wall. Then the validated model is used for analysing the overtopping amount due to the effect of porous layer in-front of the different sea wall profile. Numerical expression for overtopping amount has been provided for the different configurations from the numerical model.     

土钉墙与压密注浆在复杂地质条件下基坑中的应用

通过上海长途客运公司恒丰路高速客运站基坑土钉支护工程实例,阐明了土钉支护在复杂地质条件下的适用性及灵活性,并提出了相应处理措施,说明了只有有效地结合其他多种施工方法,才能更好地处理复杂情况。     

Evaluation of active and passive seismic earth pressures considering internal friction and cohesion

The Log-Spiral-Rankine (LSR) model, which is a generalized formulation for assessing the active and passive seismic earth pressures considering the internal friction and cohesion of backfill soil, is reviewed and improved in this study. System inconsistencies in the LSR model are identified, which result from an inaccurate assumption on the vertical normal stress field (σ_z=γz) in a general c–ϕ soil medium, and from omitting the effect of soil cohesion when solving for the stress states along the failure surface. The remedies to the said inconsistencies are presented, and local and global iteration schemes are introduced to solve the resulting highly coupled multivariate nonlinear system of equations. The modified LSR model provides a more complete and accurate solution for earth retaining systems, including the geometry of the mobilized soil body, the stress state along the failure surface, as well as the magnitude and the point of application of the resultant earth thrust.     

Slope stability FEM analysis and retaining wall design: a case study of clinker in Benxi of Liaoning

Stability is always the most important problem after high slope was excavated. The study analyzed the stress and strain inside the slope by Finite Element Method (FEM) and carried through stress distribution and failure zone, then analyzed the stability of the slope using three different methods and came to the conclusion that it is in unstable condition, so the designed retaining wall was put forward which makes the slope stable.