Improving debris flow monitoring in Taiwan by using high-resolution rainfall products from QPESUMS

Debris flow is commonly initiated by torrential rain and its triggering is correlated to the hydrological, geological, and geomorphic conditions on site. In spite of the important effects of geology and topography, rainfall characteristic is the main external triggering factor to debris flow and is a predominant parameter for real-time monitoring. Due to the scarcity of sufficient spatial ground-based rainfall data in hill areas, quantitative precipitation estimation using remote-sensing techniques such as radar and satellite is needed for debris flow pre-warning. The QPESUMS (Quantitative Precipitation Estimation and Segregation Using Multiple Sensors) system was acquired to retrieve spatial rainfall data during the rainfall period from June 30 to July 6 in 2004 when Typhoon Mindulle and southwesterly flow struck Taiwan. The retrieved data were used for setting up the debris flow monitoring algorithm. With the aid of multiple platforms of meteorological observations, a rainfall threshold isohyet in a pilot area was mapped for debris flow monitoring. The rainfall monitoring algorithm based on QPESUMS provides more detailed information than the limited number of ground-based rainfall stations for interpreting the spatial distributions of rainfall events, and therefore is more suitable for debris-flow monitoring.     

REAL-TIME FILTERING OF DATA FROM MOBILE,PASSIVE REMOTE INFRARED SENSORS WITH PRINCIPAL COMPONENT MODELS OF BACKGROUND

Real-time monitoring of pollutant levels from a mobile measuring platform requires fast,flexible dataanalysis methods.This paper reports a method for rapid analysis of passive remotely sensed infrared datawith the aid of a Kalman filter.The background spectra produced by emission from the atmosphere aremodelled at the start of the data collection sequence with a simple principal components model obtainedby eigenanalysis of the initial‘blank’data taken with the spectrometer.The species of interest areincluded in the state space model by a separate measurement of their infrared spectra.It is demonstratedthat for best filter performance in detecting the simulated pollutant species SF_6 in the atmosphere,a filtermodel with two principal components describing the emission background works best.The filter‘maps’of SF_6 closely follow the integrated spectral intensities measured after removal of suitable backgrounds.     

Averaging Intervals For Spectral Analysis Of Nonstationary Turbulence

We formulate a method for determining the smallest time interval Tover which a turbulence time series can be averaged to decompose it intoinstantaneous mean and random components. From the random part the method defines the optimal interval (or averaging window) AW over which this part should be averaged to obtain the instantaneous spectrum. Both T and AW vary randomly with time and depend on physical properties of the turbulence. T also depends on the accuracy of the measurements and is thus independent of AW. Interesting features of the method are its real-time capability and the non-equality between AW and T.     

热带大气季节内振荡对华南前汛期降水的影响

本文基于实时的热带大气季节内振荡(MJO)指数和中国台站降水资料,研究了MJO对中国华南前汛期(4～6月)降水的影响.结果表明,随着MJO的活跃中心从印度洋进入西太平洋,华南地区的降水由偏多转为偏少.最显著的降水正负异常分别位于第4位相和第7位相,其区域平均的最大正负异常值相对于气候平均值的变化约为17%和11%.与降...     

A real-time AI-assisted seismic monitoring system based on new nodal stations with 4G telemetry and its application in the Yangbi MS 6.4 aftershock monitoring in southwest China

A rapidly deployable dense seismic monitoring system which is capable of transmitting acquired data in real time and analyzing data automatically is crucial in seismic hazard mitigation after a major earthquake. However, it is rather difficult for current seismic nodal stations to transmit data in real time for an extended period of time, and it usually takes a great amount of time to process the acquired data manually. To monitor earthquakes in real time flexibly, we develop a mobile integrated seismic monitoring system consisting of newly developed nodal units with 4G telemetry and a real-time AI-assisted automatic data processing workflow. The integrated system is convenient for deployment and has been successfully applied in monitoring the aftershocks of the Yangbi M_S 6.4 earthquake occurred on May 21, 2021 in Yangbi County, Dali City, Yunnan in southwest China. The acquired seismic data are transmitted almost in real time through the 4G cellular network, and then processed automatically for event detection, positioning, magnitude calculation and source mechanism inversion. From tens of seconds to a couple of minutes at most, the final seismic attributes can be presented remotely to the end users through the integrated system. From May 27 to June 17, the real-time system has detected and located 7 905 aftershocks in the Yangbi area before the internal batteries exhausted, far more than the catalog provided by China Earthquake Networks Center using the regional permanent stations. The initial application of this integrated real-time monitoring system is promising, and we anticipate the advent of a new era for Real-time Intelligent Array Seismology (RIAS), for better monitoring and understanding the subsurface dynamic processes caused by Earth's internal forces as well as anthropogenic activities.     

单站GPS测速在实时地震监测中的应用

本文提出一种利用单站GPS载波相位或多普勒观测数据,基于单站GPS测速法实时确定地震监测台站运动状态(速度)的新方法.针对2010年4月4日发生于墨西哥Baja California(32.259°N,115.287°W)北部的M_w7.2级EI-Mayor-Cucapah地震事件,选取震中邻近区域(200 km内)若干采样率为5 Hz的高频GPS观测站数据进行实验.结果表明:基于新方法所得测站速度结果能够很好地反映出地震期间监测台站的瞬时运动状态,测站P496和P744计算的速度结果与其并置强震仪观测结果具有很好的一致性.     

Toward real-time regional earthquake simulation II: Real-time Online earthquake Simulation (ROS) of Taiwan earthquakes

We developed a Real-time Online earthquake Simulation system (ROS) to simulate regional earthquakes in Taiwan. The ROS uses a centroid moment tensor solution of seismic events from a Real-time Moment Tensor monitoring system (RMT), which provides all the point source parameters including the event origin time, hypocentral location, moment magnitude and focal mechanism within 2 min after the occurrence of an earthquake. Then, all of the source parameters are automatically forwarded to the ROS to perform an earthquake simulation, which is based on a spectral-element method (SEM). A new island-wide, high resolution SEM mesh model is developed for the whole Taiwan in this study. We have improved SEM mesh quality by introducing a thin high-resolution mesh layer near the surface to accommodate steep and rapidly varying topography. The mesh for the shallow sedimentary basin is adjusted to reflect its complex geometry and sharp lateral velocity contrasts. The grid resolution at the surface is about 545 m, which is sufficient to resolve topography and tomography data for simulations accurate up to 1.0 Hz. The ROS is also an infrastructural service, making online earthquake simulation feasible. Users can conduct their own earthquake simulation by providing a set of source parameters through the ROS webpage. For visualization, a ShakeMovie and ShakeMap are produced during the simulation. The time needed for one event is roughly 3 min for a 70 s ground motion simulation. The ROS is operated online at the Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica (http://ros.earth.sinica.edu.tw/). Our long-term goal for the ROS system is to contribute to public earth science outreach and to realize seismic ground motion prediction in real-time.     

Optimization of Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance (ARCHER) imagery,in situ data with chemometrics to evaluate nutrients in the Shenandoah River,Virginia

Abstract

Phosphorus and nitrogen have a strong influence on water resource and remote sensing technology has demonstrated that water quality monitoring over a greater range of temporal and spatial scales can be used to overcome these constraints. This research was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of combining remotely-sensed water quality observation and chemometric techniques to estimate water quality in the Shenandoah River. We used Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance (ARCHER) imagery, combined with a partial least squares analysis to characterize the spatial distribution of nutrients in the Sheanadoah river. ARCHER retrievals for phosphorous with cross-validation show high sensitivity in estimating water quality in the Shenandoah River with the Bentonville in the South Fork, with an R2 of 0.93 sensitivity. Using the significance level of 0.05, data from the summer of 2014 showed that the p-value was 0.00 for both nitrogen and phosphorous. Results show retrieval method is transferable.     

拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)PP2A调节亚基B的基因克隆与表达分析

采用RT-PCR、RACE等方法,获得了拟穴青蟹PP2A调节亚基B(PP2A-B)的cDNA全序列,全长2040bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1332bp,可编码443个氨基酸残基。同源分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白与其它一些物种具有很高相似性,推测PP2A-B基因具有很高的保守性。经荧光定量PCR检测,PP2A-B基因在拟穴青蟹多个组织中有表达,且在脑、卵巢、鳃中表达量较高。在拟穴青蟹卵巢发育过程中,PP2A-B基因在卵巢未发育期(I期)表达量最高,此后各期逐渐下降,推测PP2A-B在卵巢中可能以PP2A全酶的形式存在,抑制卵巢发育。     

浙江枝吻纽虫(Dendrorhynchus zhejiangensis) 热休克蛋白70基因克隆与表达特征研究

采用同源克隆和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE)克隆了浙江枝吻纽虫热休克蛋白70(DzHSP70)基因全长cDNA序列,并利用荧光定量PCR方法,分析了该基因在重金属胁迫下的表达特征。结果表明,DzHSP70cDNA全长2827bp,包括294bp的5’UTR、628bp的3’UTR和编码634个氨基酸残基的1905bp的开放阅读框。HSP70家族的3个签名序列以及细胞质特异性调控基序EEVD等特征元件在DzHSP70中高度保守。重金属离子Fe3+、Pb2+和Cd2+均可上调该基因的表达,其中Pb2+的毒理效应最强。研究结果表明DzHSP70可能参与了机体对于重金属的解毒过程。