弱震区土层对基岩峰值加速度放大效应的试验研究

以人工爆炸波作为震源,通过现场试验获得基岩和土层场地爆炸波地震动时程,分析场地覆盖层厚度对基岩地震动峰值加速度和地震动持时的放大效应。试验结果表明:土层对基岩地震动有放大作用,基岩峰值加速度放大系数受覆盖层厚度和土层结构的共同作用影响;地震动持续时间随覆盖层厚度的增加而显著增加,受覆盖层土层结构影响不显著。     

the faulting characteristics of 2008 wenchuan ms8.0 earthquake and its relation with strong ground motion

The 2008 M_S8 Wenchuan earthquake occurs on a high angle listric thrust fault. It is the first time that the near and far field strong ground motion was observed for such special type thrust earthquake. This paper jointly interprets the distribution of peak acceleration of ground motion data with seismogenic structure and slip propagating process to investigate how high angle listric thrust fault controls the pattern of strong ground motion. We found that the distribution of peak acceleration of strong ground motion during the Wenchuan earthquake has four distinctive features: 1)The peak acceleration of ground motion inside the Longmenshan fault zone is large, that is, nearly twice as strong as that outside the fault zone; 2)This earthquake produces significant vertical ground motion, prevailing against horizontal components in the near field; 3)The far field records show that the peak acceleration is generally higher and attenuates slower versus station-fault distance in the hanging wall. It is doubtful that the attenuation of horizontal components also has the hanging wall effect since no evidence yet proving that the unexpected high value at long distance need be omitted; 4)As to the attenuation in directions parallel to the source fault(Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault), the far field records also exhibit azimuthal heterogeneity that the peak acceleration of horizontal components decreases slower in the north-northeastern direction in which the co-seismic slip propagates than that in the backward way. However, the attenuation of vertical component displays very weak heterogeneity of this kind. Synthetically considered with shallow dislocation, high dip angle, and prevailing vertical deformation during co-seismic process of the Wenchuan earthquake, our near and far field ground motion records reflect the truth that the magnitude of ground motion is principally determined by slip type of earthquake and actual distance between the slipping source patches and stations. As a further interpretation, the uniqueness of high angle listric thrust results in that the ground motion effects of the Wenchuan earthquake are similar to that due to a common thrust earthquake in some components while differ in the others.     

云贵高原东南部地壳各向异性初步研究

云贵高原东南部地区位于贵州西南部及广西西北部。 我们选用中国地震科学台阵一期在广西、 贵州区域内的50个流动台站记录的2011年6月至2013年3月的地震波形资料, 运用剪切波分裂系统分析方法(SAM), 得到了可用于分析的10个台站地震资料, 获得剪切波分裂参数即快剪切波偏振方向和慢剪切波时间延迟。 结果表明, 云贵高原东南部地区的地壳各向异性呈现南北分区的特点。 广西西北部地区的快剪切波优势偏振方向为NW—SE, 与华南地块主压应力方向一致。 贵州西南地区位于扬子板块和华南褶皱系右江褶皱带的过渡带, 其快剪切波优势偏振方向近NE—SW, 与华南地块主压应力方向近似垂直, 反映出区域内复杂的构造背景及应力环境。 将云贵高原东南部慢剪切波时间延迟与川滇地块以及华夏地块东南部对比可知, 云贵高原东南部地壳介质各向异性程度更接近于华南地块。     

Recognition of shear heating on a long‐lived major fault using Raman carbonaceous material thermometry: implications for strength and displacement history of the MTL,SW Japan

The extent to which movement on major faults causes long term shear heating is a contentious issue and an important aspect in the debate about the strength of major faults in the crust. Comparing the results of experimental work on the kinetics of crystallization of carbonaceous material with results of thermal modeling show that the Raman carbonaceous material (CM) geothermometer is well suited to studying shear heating on geological time scales in suitable lithologies exposed around exhumed major fault zones. The Median Tectonic Line (MTL), SW Japan, is the largest on‐land fault in Japan with a length of > 800 km. Application of Raman CM thermometry to pelitic schist adjacent to the fault reveals the presence of a rise in peak temperature of around 60 °C over a distance of around 150 m perpendicular to the MTL fault plane. The spatial association of this thermal anomaly with the fault implies it is due to shear heating. Thermal modeling shows the recorded thermal anomaly and steep temperature gradient is compatible with very high rates of displacement over time scales of a few thousand years. However, the implied displacement rates lie outside those generally observed. An alternative explanation is that an originally broader thermal anomaly that developed during strike slip faulting was shortened due to the effects of normal faulting. Constraints on displacement rate, width of the original anomaly, duration of heating and peak temperature imply a coefficient of friction, μ, greater than 0.4.     

以剪切波速与地表峰值加速度为依据的地震液化确定性及概率判别法

剪切波速作为土性的基本参数,为评价土体抵抗地震液化的能力提供了一种方法。回顾了以剪切波速和地表峰值加速度为依据的场地地震液化判别方法的演化历史,依据他人收集的现场液化资料,合计49次地震、618例液化/不液化场地数据,提出了确定液化临界曲线的基本原则,给出了基于修正剪切波速与地表峰值加速度的液化临界曲线,验证了液化临界曲线的位置对细粒含量、有效上覆压力、震级等因素取值变化的合理性,分析了估计土层循环应力比CSR的剪应力折减系数、震级标定系数、有效上覆压力修正系数等因素的不确定性对液化临界曲线的敏感性。结果表明：液化临界曲线对各种影响因素具有很好的适用性。利用Monte Carlo模拟、加权最大似然法和加权经验概率法,给出了建议的液化临界曲线的名义抗液化安全系数与液化概率的经验关系式及概率等值线,并对核电厂Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类抗震物项地基,分别建议了相应的液化临界曲线。该方法以丰富的现场液化数据为依据,具有广泛的应用前景。     

河口盆地非线性地震效应及设计地震动参数

针对基岩明显起伏、土层非均匀分布的典型河口盆地场地,考虑土体非线性特征,采用黏弹性人工边界模拟无限域对地震波动的影响,建立大尺度精细化二维有限元模型,分析了盆地地表地震动幅值、频谱、持时、传递函数特征,探讨了基岩起伏土层的地震动聚集效应及盆地边缘效应。结果表明：（1）盆地近地表土层表现出不同程度的地震动放大效应,且随土层深度增加呈非单调递减特征,基岩突变处地震动聚集效应明显,盆地两侧产生较为显著的边缘效应;场地中、长周期地震动的放大作用显著;（2）多遇地震、偶遇地震和罕遇地震水平时,场地卓越周期依次介于0.35～0.65 s、0.40～0.75 s和0.50～1.05 s之间;给出了盆地地表PGA（地表峰值加速度）、卓越周期均值等值线图及地表加速度反应谱放大因子建议值,地表设计地震动参数amax（地震影响系数）与Tg（特征周期）明显大于现行《建筑抗震设计规范》取值;（3）盆地特殊位置地表地震动持时得到不同幅度增长,且与输入地震动特性相关;（4）该盆地对0.5～2.0 Hz频段基岩地震动的放大效应比较显著,对小于0.2 Hz或大于2.5 Hz的基岩地震动,该盆地地震动放大效应不明显;（5）福州城区及其邻近区域地震动放大效应普遍较大。大尺度二维非线性分析一定程度上能合理反映微地形起伏、土层分布及土体非线性对地震波传播过程的影响。     

一种基于点目标的雷达影像质量评价方法

提出一种空间性能指标和辐射性能指标相结合的基于点目标的雷达强度影像质量评价方法。利用空间分辨率、峰值旁瓣比和积分旁瓣比指标对雷达影像质量进行定性评价,并利用仿真和实测数据进行实验分析,结果表明,该方法具有较好的有效性和可操作性。     

东日本大地震重力信号同震响应

对2011年3月11日日本本州东海岸附近海域Mw9.0级地震前后的观测重力资料进行了同震响应信号分析,给出了gPhone重力仪在大地震后的长周期地震面波和自由振荡的观测结果。震后12h数据经带通滤波后可以分辨出7个环绕地球传播的瑞雷波记录,在低频范围内（5mHz以下）检测到43个地球自由振荡基频振型及52个谐频振型,其分布与理论模型吻合较好。其中,在1mHz以下的低频段内观测到4个振型的谱峰分裂现象。     

Standards-Directed Education: The Good,the Bad,and the Ugly

Abstract

GIS Concepts and ArcGIS Methods, David M. Theobald Fort Collins, CO: Conservations Planning Technologies, 2003. 342 pp. ISBN 0-9679208-2-5 $55.00 (paper)

Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, James W. Loewen New York: A Touchstone Book, Simon &; Schuster. 1995. 383 pp. Figures, references, and index, ISBN: 0684818868. $14.00 (paper).     

CINRAD/SC天气雷达发射系统反峰过流故障与排除

概述CINRAD/SC新一代天气雷达发射系统调制器的组成和工作原理,以新一代天气雷达一次＂反峰过流＂故障为例,根据故障检查方法和排除故障的全过程,对故障产生原因进行分析。结果表明：＂反峰过流＂故障主要原因为发射系统的脉冲变压器次级匝间短路,造成调制器失配,反峰电流激增,烧毁保护电阻,引起电流继电器动作,形成＂反峰电流保护＂并切断高压,输出＂反峰过流＂故障。更换脉冲变压器铁芯及绕组,注入新的25号变压器油,开机测试,各项技术指标均正常,故障排除,保障了雷达系统的正常运行。