不同应变速率下泥页岩力学特性试验研究

为了揭示泥页岩在不同应变速率下的力学特征,为页岩气的开采提供科学指导,分别在5×10-4/s、1×10-4/s、1×10-5/s、 1×10-6/s四种不同应变速率下对页岩开展单轴压缩力学试验。研究表明,应变速率对页岩的弹性模量、峰值强度、破裂形态等具有显著影响,应变速率从高到低,弹性模量和峰值强度都呈逐渐降低趋势,但下降速度逐渐放缓,两者与应变速率负对数大致呈幂函数关系,而采用平均值拟合时则相关性较高,相对而言,弹性模量的应变率效应更显著;应变速率对破裂形态的影响极为明显,在高应变速率下页岩迅速劈裂为较少的大块,整体构架丧失,随着应变速率降低,破裂过渡为劈裂为主,伴随局部剪切破坏,达到最低应变速率时主要呈劈裂破坏,但同时形成较多横向分布裂纹,即低应变速率下破坏均匀且形成纵横切割试样的网状裂纹,页岩的应变速率在整体上对破裂方式影响最为显著,主要表现为低应变速率下的破坏更均匀、更易形成裂纹网。因此,该特性对于确立页岩力学参数及设计压裂方案具有重要启发作用。     

青藏高原东北缘地壳各向异性的构造含义

青藏高原东北缘记录了印度—欧亚大陆板块碰撞和汇聚的远场效应,且仍正处于侧向生长阶段.而地壳各向异性则反映了高原地壳的形变特征.为此,本文主要利用甘肃数字地震台网(2001年1月—2010年10月)波形记录资料,采用SAM方法进行剪切波分裂研究,得到青藏高原东北缘地壳各向异性的平均剪切波分裂参数及剩余地震各向异性参数,两个参数分别反映了区域构造和应力场特征及局部构造和局部断裂特征.研究结果表明:快剪切波2个优势偏振方向分别为NE47.72°±21.83°和121.65°±22.07°,慢剪切波平均时间延迟为2.63±1.31ms·km-1.快剪切波平均偏振方向反映了该区域的水平主压应力方向,快剪切波偏振方向的第二优势取向揭示了NWW的局部构造意义,表明应力环境受本区NWW深大断裂带的影响.各个台站的剩余快剪切波偏振方向的优势取向与断裂走向一致,表明活动断裂控制着剩余快剪切波偏振方向.剩余慢剪切波时间延迟变化反映了断裂引起地震各向异性程度,形变具有区域特征.     

Loss estimation for non‐ductile reinforced concrete building in Victoria,British Columbia,Canada: effects of mega‐thrust Mw9‐class subduction earthquakes and aftershocks

This paper presents, within the performance‐based earthquake engineering framework, a comprehensive probabilistic seismic loss estimation method that accounts for main sources of uncertainty related to hazard, vulnerability, and loss. The loss assessment rigorously integrates multiple engineering demand parameters (maximum and residual inter‐story drift ratio and peak floor acceleration) with consideration of mainshock–aftershock sequences. A 4‐story non‐ductile reinforced concrete building located in Victoria, British Colombia, Canada, is considered as a case study. For 100 mainshock and mainshock–aftershock earthquake records, incremental dynamic analysis is performed, and the three engineering demand parameters are fitted with a probability distribution and corresponding dependence computed. Finally, with consideration of different demolition limit states, loss assessment is performed. From the results, it can be shown that when seismic vulnerability models are integrated with seismic hazard, the aftershock effects are relatively minor in terms of overall seismic loss (1–4% increase). Moreover, demolition limit state parameters, uncertainties of collapse fragility, and non‐collapse seismic demand prediction models have showed significant contribution to the loss assessment. The seismic loss curves for the reference case and for cases with the varied parameters can differ by as large as about 150%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic behavior of steel buildings with out‐of‐plumb

A structure that has a permanent offset from a true vertical line is commonly referred to as being ‘out‐of‐plumb’. Out‐of‐plumb may result from construction tolerances or post‐earthquake permanent deformations in steel buildings. This paper quantifies the displacements of buildings with out‐of‐plumb in subsequent seismic events by means of inelastic dynamic time history analysis. Structures considered have different structural heights, force design reduction factors (R), and target inter‐story drifts. It is shown that buildings with greater out of plumb and force design reduction factor have larger normalized peak inter‐story drift ratio and ratio of residual‐to‐peak drift. Also, the ratio of residual‐to‐peak drift was not strongly dependent on structural height or design drift. A design procedure and example provided, based on the results obtained, show how peak and residual inter‐story drift ratio can be estimated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内蒙浩尧尔忽洞金矿流体包裹体和矿床成因研究

内蒙浩尧尔忽洞金矿中比鲁特岩组一、二岩性段是主要的赋矿层位,岩石类型有炭质变粉砂岩、粉砂质板岩、炭质板岩和千枚岩等。该组中Au含量是地壳丰度值的7.14倍,且碳含量较高,介于1%~7%之间。矿化过程分为4个阶段:早期石英脉阶段包裹体均一温度245.2~323.3℃,石英-黄铁矿阶段均一温度为236.9~317.5℃,石英-多金属硫化物阶段均一温度231.7~324.5℃,石英-碳酸盐阶段均一温度187.6~312.9℃。激光拉曼显微探针分析结果显示,气液两相包裹体中液相成分主要为H₂O,含少量CO₂;气相成分主要为CO₂,含少量的CH₄和N₂。氢、氧同位素特征表明成矿流体与岩浆热液关系密切。气相成分中大量有机成分可能是岩浆上侵促使地层中有机质发生热降解而生成的。矿床类型属于黑色岩系型金矿,与中亚成矿带的黑色岩系型金矿具有很高的可比性。      

首都圈地区远震基底PS波分裂研究

远震PS波的一个重要优势是其携带台站下方介质的各向异性信息.本文基于首都圈数字地震台网2002-2003年记录的高精度远震波形资料,从基底PS转换波入手,采用三分量PS波分裂偏振分析方法,获取各个台站下方来自基底的PS波分裂参数,包括快波偏振方向和快、慢波的时间延迟等,分析台站下方浅部地壳介质的各向异性特征.几个台站的研究结果显示,该方法保持了原始波场的信息,可以用来分析PS波分裂特征;短周期台站记录的远震来自基底的PS波具有干扰少、信噪比高的特点,存在分裂现象,各台站快慢波时差超出我们的预期值,平均在0.1~0.2 s左右.此研究可与横波分裂相对比,对于认识地壳各向异性及其内部的应力状态,分析其构造及地震活动现象有较大的意义.     

云南高黎贡山典型板岩地震波各向异性研究

板岩作为一种浅变质岩在我国有着广泛的分布,对其地震波速度的研究将有助于对这类过渡性岩石的有效区分,对于浅层地壳的各向异性研究也具有重要意义.本文对采自云南丙中洛地区的板岩样品进行了地震波速度的室内实验研究,其中部分实验是在加拿大Dalhousie High Pressure Laboratory完成.实验获得了板岩在围压10~600 MPa条件下、不同构造主方向（X,Y和Z）上的地震波速度,在围压600 MPa时,X、Y、Z三个方向的P波速度分别为6.58、6.46、5.91 km/s,平均速度为6.30 km/s,S波平均速度约为3.62 km/s,V_P/V_S=1.74;并初步分析了板岩地震波速度、横波分裂及其波速各向异性随着围压的变化规律,发现所测量的板岩在较低围压（<150 MPa）时波速的各向异性随围压升高而迅速减小,主要是由于其内部微裂隙的定向排列引起的,而随着围压的继续增加（>150 MPa时）微裂隙基本闭合,黑云母、阳起石等片状矿物的定向排列成为其地震波各向异性的主导诱因,此时（围压为600 MPa）V_P、V_S的各向异性分别稳定在13%、16%左右.本研究所获取的基础实验数据及所探讨的板岩地震波性质将为确定地壳上部显微裂隙的优选定向、浅层地壳的各向异性分析、地球物理模型条件约束等提供基础.     

C.T.R. Wilson versus G.C. Simpson: Fifty years of controversy in atmospheric electricity

Two British scientists, G.C. Simpson and C.T.R. Wilson, held contrasting views on the electrical polarity of thunderclouds for nearly half of the 20th century. Simpson's perspective was dominated by the measured charge on rain, by the breaking drop theory for the charging of raindrops, and later, by the branching behavior of lightning flashes. Wilson's view was dominated by his work on the field changes accompanying lightning, by his knowledge of the corona current from the ground beneath electrified clouds, and ultimately by his unifying global circuit hypothesis, requiring a source current to maintain a negatively charged Earth against dissipation. Simpson's observed tripole structure of thunderclouds provided partial resolution to the controversy, but the main positive dipole supported Wilson's view, which survives today.     

手机3G在气象服务中的应用探讨

随着通信和网络技术的快速发展,手机移动通信已成为当前全球发展最快的朝阳产业之一,而手机3G的出现为手机应用开辟了新的领域.拥有视频点播、远程视频等特点的3G手机作为第五媒体,已广泛地被公众所应用.本文结合3G手机的技术特点以及如何在3G网络平台上开发气象服务等方面进行探讨.     

基于地震横波分裂理论的火成岩裂缝检测

定向地下裂缝是低渗透率油气藏油气的储集空间和运移通道,对油气的开采有着重要的意义.本文基于横波分裂理论,提出了比值法叠后快、慢横波分离方法,通过分离后的快、慢横波的振幅差异和时间延迟可求取地下介质的裂缝走向方位和密度以及各向异性系数.该方法被应用到松辽盆地某气田对火成岩储层裂缝走向方位和密度进行了检测,检测结果与区域应力场和实钻数据具有较好的一致性.