峰丛洼地自然封育过程岩溶水溶解无机碳的变化——以桂林丫吉试验场为例

以桂林丫吉试验场为例,检验植被恢复对岩溶碳汇的影响作用。上世纪80年代,丫吉试验场峰丛洼地的植被受砍伐干扰,地表以草地居多,此后施行自然封山育林,植被经二十多年的封育后,现在变成为灌木林,土壤中植物根系呼吸和微生物异养呼吸增强,土壤空气中CO2含量上升,岩溶作用增强,泉水输出的无机碳通量增加。通过建立系统的水化学混合模型,将泉水的无机碳通量分解为原水输出和降雨补给引起的新水输出。在一次典型的强降雨过程,S31岩溶泉原水输出量占总量的65%~83%,而降雨补给引起的新水无机碳输出通量较少,且不能反映生态环境的变化,因此应以原水中溶解无机碳的浓度衡量整个生态环境对岩溶作用的影响。长期的观测表明由于植被的改变导致原水输出的无机碳含量提高了27%,而原水在岩溶泉的年流量中所占的比例高达72%~84%,其中由植被演化造成岩溶碳汇增加的幅度为19%~23%。      

典型喀斯特地貌类型区小流域划分——以贵州省金沙县为例

我国水土保持和石漠化防治是以小流域为单元来开展工作的,而在喀斯特地区进行小流域划分的研究还比较少。以1∶5万地形图作为工作底图,进行数字化采集并结合空间插值的方法生成贵州省金沙县DEM数据,并以GIS的水文分析模块为基础,经过自动提取微流域,微流域归并,流域边界验证等过程,最终提取金沙县小流域338个。从提取的结果来看,小流域的面积集中分布在3~10 km2范围内,占小流域总数的79.29%;在完整型、区间型和坡面型三种小流域类型中,研究区小流域类型以完整型小流域为主;绝大部分流域的分界线能够达到要求,在峰林、峰丛、洼地分布的地方会出现分界线偏离山顶点或者鞍部,这些地方水系网络复杂,自动提取的小流域与实际不相符合,需要进行手动修改。      

巴西劈裂法在层状岩体抗拉强度测试中的分析与讨论

为分析巴西圆盘劈裂法在层状岩体抗拉强度试验中的适用性,在以往层状岩体巴西圆盘劈裂试验成果分析基础上,选取层理砂岩为试验对象,设计并进行了考虑不同层理角度的砂岩巴西圆盘劈裂试验。分析结果表明,（1）层状岩体抗拉强度的各向异性特点非常明显,层理角度对各种层状岩体的劈裂抗拉强度的影响规律是基本类似的,只是影响程度不一样;（2）不同层理角度圆盘试样的破裂面形状差别较大,其破坏模式可以归纳为直线型、折线型和弧形型;（3）当层理角度0°＜β＜90°时,破裂面的发展规律不能严格满足巴西圆盘劈裂试验力学理论模型的假定,采用式（1）计算得到的劈裂抗拉强度只能是一个近似的值;（4）当圆盘试样加载线两侧的岩石材料、层理结构对称分布时,加载时圆盘内的应力分布可以较好地满足其理论计算模型,其试验结果比较准确。研究成果可为层状岩体抗拉强度的准确测定提供较好的参考。     

遇水冷却的高温大理岩力学与波动特性分析

岩石经历高温作用冷却后工程特性的变化情况,直接影响着地下深部空间及资源的开发与利用、核废料的存储以及突发性高温灾害后地下工程的稳定性评价。以大理岩为研究对象,对遇水冷却和自然冷却后的高温岩样进行单轴压缩试验和声波测试,分析和比较岩样在不同状态下峰值强度、弹性模量、衰减系数、纵波波速和主频的变化情况。结果表明：随着温度的不断升高,遇水冷却高温大理岩的峰值强度、弹性模量和纵波波速总体上均呈现减小趋势;低于400 ℃时,随着温度的升高,衰减系数逐渐增大,主频逐渐减小;但高于400 ℃时,随着温度的升高,衰减系数和主频并未完全呈现单调递增或递减趋势,出现了高温拐点;在经历相同高温作用后,遇水冷却大理岩的峰值强度、弹性模量和主频均低于自然冷却,而纵波波速、衰减系数均高于自然冷却。研究结果可以为遇水冷却的高温岩石工程性状的检测和稳定性的评价提供参考,对经历高温作用的岩石冷却方式的选择具有指导意义。     

铜陵狮子山矿田大团山铜（钼） 矿床流体包裹体研究

大团山铜（钼） 矿床是安徽铜陵狮子山矿田内较为典型的岩浆热液叠加型铜钼矿床,其成因与早白垩世大团山石英 二长闪长岩有密切关系。系统采集硫化物阶段的矿化石英脉并经岩相学显微观察发现,石英中捕获有大量的流体包裹体, 主要分为三种类型,即富气相（Ⅰ型）、富液相（Ⅱ型） 的两相水溶液包裹体和含子晶的三相水溶液包裹体（Ⅲ型）。显微 测温研究表明,流体包裹体的均一温度统计峰值分别出现在375~405°C和285~315°C之间,流体盐度的统计峰值出现在5.0 wt.%~10.0 wt.% NaCl eq.之间。激光拉曼探针分析表明,流体包裹体的气相成分以水蒸汽为主,含有少量CO2和CH4。流体 氢、氧同位素组成呈岩浆流体特征。研究表明,大团山铜（钼） 矿床的成矿流体主要来源于岩浆流体,在成矿过程中经历 了相态变化,沸腾的流体体系受到了不均匀捕获。结合前人研究成果,狮子山矿田内早白垩世叠加改造型流体表现出同源 特征,在物理化学演化方面具有一定规律性,流体的多次沸腾作用很可能对成矿元素的分配、迁移与沉淀起到了重要作用。     

SKS波对地壳裂隙各向异性的响应——理论地震图研究

穿透含裂隙、裂缝地壳8s视周期的SV波的理论地震图研究表明,当地壳平均裂隙密度高于0.01即横波各向异性高于1%时,非对称面内不同方位的SKS波均发生分裂;地震图中直接的记录显示是切向T分量上出现SKS波的振动,其振幅随地壳平均裂隙密度的增大而增强,甚至能与径向R分量上的振幅相当.局限于上地壳的强裂缝各向异性同样能引起SKS分裂.长周期SKS波分裂对地壳内裂隙、裂缝的分布缺乏分辨率.直立平行排列裂隙、裂缝使得SKS分裂T分量记录特征具有方位对称性,这来自于HTI介质中快、慢波偏振和到时差随方位变化的对称性;而倾斜裂隙、裂缝使得该方位对称性丧失.对实际观测SKS分裂的偏振解释需要考虑地壳裂隙各向异性,特别是断裂附近的强裂缝各向异性.     

桩基负摩阻力沿桩长变化的试验研究

结合中国移动甘肃定西分公司新城区移动通信综合楼项目,在大厚度自重湿陷性黄土场地上进行长时间的桩基浸水载荷试验（试桩直径为800 mm,桩长26 m,试坑深度为2 m）,对不同深度下、不同范围内的桩侧负摩阻力的变化特征以及土体的沉降过程进行分析。试验结果表明,特殊浸水条件下桩侧负摩阻力沿桩身出现多个峰值,并且正、负摩阻力出现交错分布的现象,无法给出建筑桩基技术规范[1]规定的平均负摩阻力值;桩周土体沉降量亦沿桩身出现多个峰值,并且其变化趋势直接影响桩侧正、负摩阻力沿桩身交替变化的走势;中性点位置并未得出建筑桩基技术规范[1]所提供的单一参考值而是沿桩身出现了多个中性点;黄土的实际湿陷情况是分段发生湿陷的,而不是如传统观点所述在单一中性点以上突然出现整段湿陷。     

Continuous estimates on the earthquake early warning magnitude by use of the near-field acceleration records

In this article, the seismic records of Japan’s Kik-net are selected to measure the acceleration, displacement, and effective peak acceleration of each seismic record within a certain time after P wave, then a continuous estimation is given on earthquake early warning magnitude through statistical analysis method, and Wenchuan earthquake record is utilized to check the method. The results show that the reliability of earthquake early warning magnitude continuously increases with the increase of the seismic information, the biggest residual happens if the acceleration is adopted to fit earthquake magnitude, which may be caused by rich high-frequency components and large dispersion of peak value in acceleration record, the influence caused by the high-frequency components can be effectively reduced if the effective peak acceleration and peak displacement is adopted, it is estimated that the dispersion of earthquake magnitude obviously reduces, but it is easy for peak displacement to be affected by long-period drifting. In various components, the residual enlargement phenomenon at vertical direction is almost unobvious, thus it is recommended in this article that the effective peak acceleration at vertical direction is preferred to estimate earthquake early warning magnitude. Through adopting Wenchuan strong earthquake record to check the method mentioned in this article, it is found that this method can be used to quickly, stably, and accurately estimate the early warning magnitude of this earthquake, which shows that this method is completely applicable for earthquake early warning.     

炸药震源的地震安全性野外实验研究

选定一块场地,针对相同井深、不同药量的情况,进行炸药震源的地震安全性野外实验,用Etna数字强震动加速度仪记录每次爆破时房屋振动的加速度.在选定房屋结构的地基、窗台、屋顶等3个位置分别布设了仪器,记录结构响应的加速度波形.为了与《爆破安全规程》的参考标准对应,将加速度值转换成速度值,并对位于屋顶的结构响应速度峰值进行分析.通过对结构响应、安全距离、频率的研究,分析建筑物结构对每次爆破的响应,并对其安全性进行讨论.     

Numerical study of a full‐scale six‐story reinforced concrete wall‐frame structure tested at E‐Defense

A full‐scale shake table test on a six‐story reinforced concrete wall frame structure was carried out at E‐Defense, the world's largest three‐dimensional earthquake simulation facility, in January 2006. Story collapse induced from shear failure of shear critical members (e.g., short columns and shear walls) was successfully produced in the test. Insights gained into the seismic behavior of a full‐scale specimen subjected to severe earthquake loads are presented in this paper. To reproduce the collapse process of the specimen and evaluate the ability of analytical tools to predict post‐peak behavior, numerical simulation was also conducted, modeling the seismic behavior of each member with different kinds of models, which differ primarily in their ability to simulate strength decay. Simulated results showed good agreement with the strength‐degrading features observed in post‐peak regions where shear failure of members and concentrated deformation occurred in the first story. The simulated results tended to underestimate observed values such as maximum base shear and maximum displacement. The effects of member model characteristics, torsional response, and earthquake load dimensions (i.e., three‐dimensional effects) on the collapse process of the specimen were also investigated through comprehensive dynamic analyses, which highlighted the following seismic characteristics of the full‐scale specimen: (i) a model that is incapable of simulating a specimen's strength deterioration is inadequate to simulate the post‐peak behavior of the specimen; (ii) the torsional response generated from uniaxial eccentricity in the longitudinal direction was more significant in the elastic range than in the inelastic range; and (iii) three‐dimensional earthquake loads (X–Y–Z axes) generated larger maximum displacement than any other loading cases such as two‐dimensional (X–Y or Y–Z axes) or one‐dimensional (Y axis only) excitation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.