地震作用下含软弱层岩体边坡锚固界面剪切作用分析

基于FLAC3D软件,以含软弱层的锚固岩体边坡为研究对象,通过修正的cable单元建模和改进剪应力提取方法,分别模拟分析了地震作用下含软弱层岩体边坡两锚固界面剪切作用及其演化。研究发现:砂浆-岩体界面上的剪应力远比锚杆-砂浆界面上的小,并均以锚杆上的中性点为界方向相反,分布很不均匀,且均在中性点附近发生突变;随边坡地震响应增强危岩中的锚固界面率先脱黏,基岩中的锚固界面紧随脱黏,且脱黏分别向锚头和锚根发展,直至拉拔段或锚固段全部脱黏锚固破坏。获得了地震波作用下边坡两锚固界面上剪应力及其分布和脱黏破坏过程,揭示了锚固界面上的剪切相互作用和锚固破坏机制,并得到了试验印证,为边坡锚固设计和施工提供了参考。     

含非贯通裂隙砂岩的动力破坏特性研究

为研究动载作用下非贯通裂隙对岩石破坏特性的影响,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)对含不同裂隙数量及深度非贯通裂隙砂岩进行冲击试验,并基于分形理论和能量耗散原理分析其动力破坏特性。研究结果表明,动态峰值应力随裂隙数量及深度变化情况较复杂;峰值应变随裂隙数量增加而增加,随裂隙深度增加先增大后减小;动态弹性模量随裂隙数量增加先增加后减小,随裂隙深度增加而减小;不同工况试样的破坏模式分为张应变破坏、张应变?剪切复合破坏和压碎破坏3种,且裂隙数量对破坏模式的影响较裂隙深度大;试样破坏后的分形维数、单位体积耗散能和能量吸收率均随裂隙数量及深度的增加而增加,且分形维数与单位体积耗散能和能量吸收率均近似正线性关系。     

三轴作用下的小型围岩试件在开挖卸荷过程中的声发射特征

为了获得巷道围岩开挖卸荷过程中的声发射特征与开挖卸荷状态之间的关系,使用水泥砂浆厚壁圆筒围岩试样,开展开挖卸荷条件下3种不同卸荷速度的声发射试验研究。利用自主研发的小型巷道围岩开挖卸荷模型试验系统,声发射系统及变形监测系统采集试样卸荷过程中的声发射时频信号及变形信息,并对声发射b值进行研究。研究发现：（1）试验过程具有4个特征阶段：加载段―维持段Ⅰ―卸荷段―维持段Ⅱ,这4个阶段与振铃累计曲线有良好对应关系。（2）加载段,高频高幅信号较多,分布范围广,试样内部原始裂隙在三向应力作用下压密明显;维持段Ⅰ,高频高幅信号明显减小,分布范围变窄,试样三向持续压密,变形微小;卸荷段,高、低频信号增多,幅度增加,应变率较高,变形增加速度快,卸荷对试样内侧影响效应更显著;维持段Ⅱ,较慢速卸荷的高幅信号持续增多,内外侧以较低应变率持续产生变形。（3）卸荷速度越大,卸荷段振铃累计曲线出现“陡升”的幅度越高,维持段Ⅱ“陡升”出现越早,幅度越小。（4）卸荷速度增大,b值整体量值减小且越趋于小波幅平稳变化,相对声发射大事件占比提高,破裂尺度更大。     

Archaeometric characterisation and origin of black coatings on prehistoric pottery

Black or dark grey vessel surfaces with characteristic metallic lustre are recognised from various archaeological contexts throughout Europe. This feature is commonly attributed to the application of graphite-bearing coatings onto ceramic vessels. However, recent experimental studies have shown that a very similar visual effect can alternatively be achieved by polishing and, subsequently, firing in a reducing atmosphere (so-called smudging). In this study, experimentally manufactured ceramics as well as samples of prehistoric ware (dated to the Neolithic Age, late Bronze Age and early Iron Age) have been analysed to find the distinguishing features between graphite-based and non-mineral black coatings. In the low-magnification BSE images the well-preserved graphite-coated surfaces are characterized by a distinctive spotty pattern with numerous dark grey angular fragments of monomineralic or nearly monomineralic metamorphic rocks scattered in the clay groundmass. Provided that polished thin sections are skilfully prepared, individual graphite plates can be easily recognized in the near-surface layer of the sherds using polarized reflected light microscopy. A relatively homogeneous appearance is typical of the low-magnification BSE images of surfaces coated by smudging. At higher magnifications, presence of blurred darkish stains (presumably organic-derived, as indicated by elevated levels of biogenic elements) is characteristic of this kind of non-mineral black coatings. SEM-EDS and optical microscopy have been supplemented by micro-Raman spectroscopy, which allows differentiation between various carbonaceous phases.     

安页1井志留系龙马溪组页岩有机质拉曼光谱特征及其地质意义

我国下古生界海相页岩有机质热演化程度普遍高、陆源植物镜质体缺乏,显微组分难以区分,现有镜质体反射率、岩石热解、Tm/Ts等生物标志化合物指标的测试方法难以有效评价泥页岩有机质成熟度。本文以贵州正安地区安页1井志留系龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,利用场发射扫描电镜观察和激光拉曼光谱检测相结合,不依赖于有机质显微组分类型,直接获取高演化页岩中不同赋存状态有机质的拉曼谱图,利用拉曼谱图衍生参数评价高演化页岩的有机质成熟度。结果表明:安页1井志留系龙马溪组页岩发育着生物结构型、脉状或团块状、自形边界填隙状、他形边界填隙状4种类型有机质,其中自形边界填隙状有机质孔径大于80nm,他形边界填隙状有机质孔径小于60nm,这两种填隙状占比在90%以上,是页岩储层的主体储集空间;4种形态的有机质热演化程度不一致。激光拉曼面扫描取谱方式获得大量数据计算的拉曼成熟度主体介于2. 8%～3. 0%,各类型有机质的拉曼成熟度数量占总数量的比例与场发射扫描电镜观测的半定量统计结果一致。该方法为刻画我国高-过成熟度页岩有机质成熟度提供了一种行之有效的手段。     

Significance of graphite inclusion occurrence in the minerals of the San Miguel skarn for the Palaeoproterozoic basement of Tandilia Belt (Argentina) and for the Río de la Plata Craton

Graphite in Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic rocks has been a subject of interest since it could represent an evidence of early life on Earth. In the Palaeoproterozoic basement of the Tandilia Belt, graphite was found both in fluid inclusions (FI) hosted in the San Miguel skarn calc-silicate minerals, and as solid inclusions in calcite crystals from the protolithic marble (a¹³C enriched carbonate from the “Lomagundi-Jatuli event”). FI microthermometry and oxygen stable isotope ratios indicated the skarn minerals formation within the range of 630–650 °C (at ∼5 kbars) and ∼642–654 °C, respectively. Also, the characterisation of the metasomatic fluid (of a low salinity <7 wt% NaCl eq. NaClH₂O/NaClKClH₂O aqueous system) pointed out that the zonal crystallisation pattern shown by the skarn minerals (wollastonite-vesuvianite, grossular-diopside-calcite and diopside-calcite zones in the exoskarn, and grossular-diopside and diopside-calcic plagioclase zones in the endoskarn) responds to the increase of the involved cation activity gradients (Ca²⁺-Si⁴⁺-Mg²⁺-Fe^2+/3+-Al³⁺) and not to significant changes in the temperature or concentration of CO₂ in the system. Variation in the crystallinity degree of the graphite hosted in the skarn minerals and in marble calcite, shown by Raman spectroscopy, would indicate that the graphite could have been formed from the ripening of organic matter present in the sedimentary rocks during the metamorphic-metasomatic event (Transamazonian Orogeny). In this sense, the increase of the organic carbon productivity in the oceans during the Palaeoproterozoic, represented by the “Lomagundi-Jatuli event”, would support this graphite origin and also the possible existence of a marine sedimentary basin in the previous stages of the Río de la Plata amalgamation (Siderian-Rhyacian), in the San Miguel area of the Tandilia Belt.     

混凝土桩-泥皮-砂土接触面力学特性试验研究

为研究泥皮、粗糙度对桩-土接触面力学特性的影响规律,根据灌注桩成孔后的孔径-深度曲线,应用统计分析法获得了桩侧凸出尺寸和粗糙度的分布频率规律,以此构建了表面光滑和梯形凹槽混凝土板来模拟实际桩侧表面粗糙度。在此基础上,开展了不同泥皮厚度、粗糙度条件下的混凝土-砂土接触面大型直剪试验。其研究结果表明：无泥皮条件下粗糙接触面,其剪切应力-切向位移关系曲线呈软化型;泥皮厚度为5、10 mm条件下,呈硬化型。剪切模量G0.02随泥皮厚度增加而衰减。对光滑混凝土板,其接触面峰值剪切强度和峰值摩擦角随泥皮厚度的增加呈指数关系衰减;对粗糙混凝土板,峰值剪切强度和峰值摩擦角随泥皮厚度的增加近似呈线性衰减。初始泥皮越厚,试验后的泥皮土和泥皮越厚,接触面剪切强度越低。无泥皮条件下粗糙度对接触面峰值剪切强度的影响规律：存在一个临界粗糙度Icr =10 mm,当混凝土板的粗糙度I< Icr时,接触面峰值剪切强度和峰值摩擦角随粗糙度的增大而增大;当I≥Icr时,二者随着接触面粗糙度的增大而减小,泥皮存在会影响改变这一规律。     

基于地壳介质各向异性分析乳山地震近场区构造应力特征

利用乳山台阵和乳山台记录的资料,采用剪切波分裂方法分析乳山地区地壳各向异性参数,获得该区域应力环境特征。研究结果显示,乳山地区地壳介质各向异性受到区域构造应力和局部构造活动的双重影响,台站DSDC的快剪切波偏振优势方向近NW方向。结合地震序列展布方向及较大地震震源机制推测,该台附近存在近NW方向的活动断裂,该断裂可能为乳山地震序列的发震断层;台站BSTZ和CXZX的快剪切波偏振优势方向近EW方向,附近可能存在近EW方向的活动断裂。     

四川紫坪铺水库库区地震剪切波分裂研究

本研究利用四川紫坪铺水库数字地震台网2004年8月17日~2008年5月11日的地震观测波形资料,使用剪切波分裂SAM系统分析方法,获得了四川紫坪铺水库库区8个数字地震台站的快剪切波偏振结果.结果表明,紫坪铺库区台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向主要为NE或NW方向;台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向与区域主压应力方向或活动断裂走向一致;快剪切波偏振方向变化可能与汶川大地震前区域应力场的增加和龙门山断裂带微破裂增加有关,慢剪切波时间延迟的变化与四川紫坪铺水库水位升降变化相关.     

温州珊溪水库地震S波分裂研究

通过对温州珊溪水库地震序列开展了近一年的近场源剪切波分裂参数研究,在进行精确定位并确保所用资料满足剪切波窗要求的基础上,采用互相关系数法,借助遗传算法与人工判读相结合,测量了地震序列的快剪切波偏振方向和快慢剪切波的时间延迟.结果表明,地震序列的S波分裂现象明显,台站记录到的地震快剪切波平均偏振方向与区域最大水平主压应力方向基本一致;温州珊溪水库地区快剪切波平均偏振方向在近N-S向;S波分裂快剪切波偏振方向所表现出的离散和空间差异性,认为可能是由于局部构造影响;目前库区应力场稳定,应力调整已经结束,未来发生强余震的可能性较小.