海底管道收弃管作业分析

为保证海洋管道在收弃管作业过程中不发生屈服,利用样条函数配点法分析了管道为形,利用线性积分法分析了缆索的收放和受力,以图表的形式给出了管道和缆索的受力和变形、铺管船的运动以及Ａ／Ｒ绞车的拉力之间的关系。     

Effect of foundation flexibility on ductility reduction factors for R/C stack-like structures

The most important parameter used to determine force reduction factors in force-based design procedures adopted in the current seismic codes is the structural ductility. For a structure supported on a flexible foundation, the ductility factor could be affected by foundation compliances. The ductility factors given in the current codes are mostly assigned ignoring the effect of SSI and therefore the objective of this research is to assess the signifi cance of SSI phenomenon on ductility factors of stack-like structures. The deformed confi guration of stack-like structures is idealized as an assemblage of beam elements considering nonlinear moment-curvature relations, while a linear sway-rocking model was implemented to model the supporting soil. Using a set of artifi cial records, repeated linear and nonlinear analyses were performed by gradually increasing the intensity of acceleration to a level where the fi rst yielding of steel in linear and nonlinear analyses is observed and a level corresponding to the stack collapse in the nonlinear analysis. The difference between inelastic and elastic resistance in terms of displacement ductility factors has been quantifi ed. The results indicate that foundation flexibility can decrease the ductility of the system and neglecting this phenomenon may lead to erroneous conclusions in the prediction of the seismic performance of flexibly-supported R/C stack-like structures.     

前苏联铁路网的形成、发展和布局

前苏联是世界上铁路运输利用率最高的国家。本文从其铁路发展的背景条件出发，分析了铁路成为前苏联最主要运输方式的原因，并进一步探讨了前苏联铁路网的建设、发展和分布特点，对我国正在进行的大规模铁路建设有一定借鉴意义。     

近50年来兰州城市气候变化的R/S分析

运用R／S方法、城效对比法，对1951－1999年兰州市城市气候的温度、水汽压、相对湿度和日照百分率等指标的冬（1月）、夏（7月）及年平均值进行了计算分析，各项指标的Hurst指数H均大于0.5，说明它们存在明显的赫斯特现象，反映了兰州市近50年来气候变化存在趋势性成分，即持续性的城市化气候效应。至于各项指标的Hurst指数在冬、夏及年平均值间有差异，分析证明这是兰州城市化气候效应强度的季节差异所造成。     

滇东北山区坡耕地降雨侵蚀力研究

降雨侵蚀力Ｒ值是建立土壤流失方程的最基本因子之一。通过对标准径流小区的实测土壤侵蚀量和侵蚀性降雨资料进行分析,确定出滇东北山区坡耕地降雨侵蚀力（Ｒ）的最佳计算指标为Ｒ＝Ｅ６０·Ｉ３０,计算和分析了本区域降雨侵蚀力（Ｒ）的时空分布特征。     

基于R/S分析的黑河出山年径流量灰色预测

径流过程具有分形和灰色特征。基于此,将R/S分析与灰色系统理论相结合,提出了R/S灰色预测模型以预报黑河出山径流量。针对1949—2011年莺落峡水文站年径流量资料,首先进行R/S分析,确定径流量序列的Hurst指数和平均循环周期T;然后在一个周期内进行径流量灰色预测。结果表明:黑河出山径流量循环周期在20~25年之间,在进行R/S灰色预测时,取T=20为宜;R/S灰色预测结果的精度高于直接进行灰色预测。该方法拓宽了分形和灰色理论在径流过程研究的应用范围,为径流量的科学预测提供了一种新方法。     

Precipitation anomalies,economic production,and the role of “first-nature” and “second-nature” geographies: A disaggregated analysis in high-income countries

Linkages between hydroclimate variability and economic development are often theorized to be present only in developing economies. Using spatially small-scaled data from multiple decades for European regions, we examine the relationship between precipitation anomalies and economic performance in highly developed economic systems. We conduct a disaggregated empirical analysis to mitigate the bias potentially arising from spatial aggregation because precipitation realizations tend to vary drastically within larger sized economic units. We modify original precipitation indices to capture the dynamic expectation formation of economic agents about climate conditions to measure deviations from these anticipated environmental states. Using panel model regressions in a quasi-experimental research design, we analyse whether deviations from average growth rates of aggregated economic output are potentially non-linearly related to the magnitude of precipitation deviations from the anticipated climate norm within regions, after accounting for any shocks common to all regions. We find that precipitation deviations that exceed critical thresholds (intermediate anomalies) for both unusually dry and unusually wet years reduce regional growth rates. The adverse impacts are more pronounced for overly dry periods. Importantly, the relationship between economic growth and precipitation anomalies is not generalizable across all regions. Natural geographical circumstances such as prevailing climatic conditions (“first-nature” geographies) and human-made socio-economic factors such as sector structure and income level (“second-nature” geographies) moderate the anomaly response. The empirical findings substantiate the necessity to incorporate precipitation variability into the assessment of economic costs of climate change; not only in developing countries or agricultural societies but also in highly developed economic systems. Moreover, the empirical results have important implications for policy makers as uneven effect sizes at the subnational level suggest that policy measures should be targeted in space and coordinated between national and regional levels of government.     

铅挤压消能支撑框架模型结构试验研究

通过铅挤压消能器的低周反复加载试验,以及安装有铅挤压消能器的钢筋混凝土消能支撑框架模型结构的伪静力试验,主要研究了铅挤压消能器单独受反复荷载时的消能性能以及其在模型结构中所起的消能作用,模型结构的破坏机理和整体消能能力。研究结果表明,铅挤压消能器具有很好的消能能力,在模型结构总耗能中占据了很大的比例,模型结构具有较好的耗散地震能量的能力。     

Comparison of AnnAGNPS and SWAT model simulation results in USDA‐CEAP agricultural watersheds in south‐central Kansas

This study was conducted under the USDA‐Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) in the Cheney Lake watershed in south‐central Kansas. The Cheney Lake watershed has been identified as ‘impaired waters’ under Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act for sediments and total phosphorus. The USDA‐CEAP seeks to quantify environmental benefits of conservation programmes on water quality by monitoring and modelling. Two of the most widely used USDA watershed‐scale models are Annualized AGricultural Non‐Point Source (AnnAGNPS) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The objectives of this study were to compare hydrology, sediment, and total phosphorus simulation results from AnnAGNPS and SWAT in separate calibration and validation watersheds. Models were calibrated in Red Rock Creek watershed and validated in Goose Creek watershed, both sub‐watersheds of the Cheney Lake watershed. Forty‐five months (January 1997 to September 2000) of monthly measured flow and water quality data were used to evaluate the two models. Both models generally provided from fair to very good correlation and model efficiency for simulating surface runoff and sediment yield during calibration and validation (correlation coefficient; R², from 0·50 to 0·89, Nash Sutcliffe efficiency index, E, from 0·47 to 0·73, root mean square error, RMSE, from 0·25 to 0·45 m³ s^?1 for flow, from 158 to 312 Mg for sediment yield). Total phosphorus predictions from calibration and validation of SWAT indicated good correlation and model efficiency (R² from 0·60 to 0·70, E from 0·63 to 0·68) while total phosphorus predictions from validation of AnnAGNPS were from unsatisfactory to very good (R² from 0·60 to 0·77, E from ? 2·38 to 0·32). The root mean square error–observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) was estimated as excellent (from 0·08 to 0·25) for the all model simulated parameters during the calibration and validation study. The percentage bias (PBIAS) of the model simulated parameters varied from unsatisfactory to excellent (from 128 to 3). This study determined SWAT to be the most appropriate model for this watershed based on calibration and validation results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于相似系数和R/S分析方法的 闽台产业同构性

产业同构化可能造成区域间产业升级优化和彼此合作发展的瓶颈。选取闽台为研究对象,从三次产业、制造业和第三产业内部结构三个方面着手,应用相似系数指标,分别从静态与动态的角度分析闽台产业同构的现状与变化,并在此基础上,依据分形理论中的R/S分析方法,预测两地产业同构化的未来发展趋势。结果显示,闽台产业同构现象显著,如果在原有条件下继续发展,未来三次产业同构化程度将继续加大,制造业相似性总体上将呈现波动加强态势,第三产业结构同构化程度继续缓慢减小。然而闽台产业同构具有其内在必然性,相似的资源禀赋、日益接近的经济发展水平以及日益紧密的经济联系对产业同构的形成产生了正面影响;同时,产业同构也揭示了闽台产业分工已经由垂直分工向水平分工方向发展。因此宏观层面的产业同构未必给闽台未来经济合作产生明显的负面影响。