中国海相油气田勘探实例之十三塔里木盆地东河塘海相砂岩油田勘探与发现

东河塘油田位于新疆库车县,构造上隶属于塔里木盆地塔北隆起轮台凸起东河塘断裂构造带,是我国发现的第一个高产高丰度海相砂岩油田,它的发现是中国海相砂岩油气勘探理论和实践的一次重大突破。油田发现于1990年7月,至1994年探明石油地质储量3323.13×104t,天然气地质储量15.5×108m3,至2009年底累计产原油825.75×104t。石炭系东河砂岩油藏是东河塘油田的主体,其储层东河砂岩段是一套滨岸相砂体,具有厚度巨大、埋深大、储集性能好的特点;其油藏类型为块状底水背斜油藏,产能高,储量丰度高。论述了东河塘油田勘探与发现的历程,剖析了取得勘探成功的实践认识与意义。     

塔河油田2区三叠系油藏类型初步探讨

塔河油田2区三叠系油藏是西北分公司开发较早的碎屑岩油藏之一,开发层系有上油组、中油组,油柱高度在15～20m,储层为辫状三角洲相辫状三角洲前缘亚相水下分流河道、河口坝、分流间湾微相沉积,非均质性严重。本区上油组砂体厚度40～0m,中油组25～35m,分布较稳定,物性为中孔、中高渗储层,原油属低粘度轻质油。但2区三叠系油藏实钻变化大,见水快、产量递减快、含水上升快、采出程度低,开发效果较差,经过多次调整虽有一定程度改善,仍存在一些问题。本文认为2区三叠系油藏开发效果较差的原因之一是对本区油藏类型的认识上存在问题即2区三叠系油藏是以断裂控制的断块油藏而非背斜油藏,并延伸分析正在投入开发评价的S96-T901井区、TK232-T453井区及T206-T208井区等都为断块（断背斜）油藏。应用断块油藏的观点对塔河地区三叠系油藏勘探开发有重要指导意义。     

Proposed nonlinear 3-D analytical method for piled raft foundations

The load distribution and deformation of piled raft foundations subjected to axial and lateral loads were investigated by a numerical analysis and field case studies. Special attention is given to the improved analytical method (YSPR) proposed by considering raft flexibility and soil nonlinearity. A load transfer approach using p–y, t–z and q–z curves is used for the analysis of piles. An analytical method of the soil–structure interaction is developed by taking into account the soil spring coupling effects based on the Filonenko-Borodich model. The proposed method has been verified by comparing the results with other numerical methods and field case studies on piled raft. Through comparative studies, it is found that the proposed method in the present study is in good agreement with general trend observed by field measurements and, thus, represents a significant improvement in the prediction of piled raft load sharing and settlement behavior.     

元坝长兴组超深层生物礁大气田优质储层发育机理

通过系统开展元坝气田长兴组超深层生物礁储层岩石学与岩石地球化学分析,结合碳酸盐岩溶蚀动力学模拟实验,以及储层古压力恢复,揭示了元坝超深层生物礁优质储层的发育保存机理。研究表明,早期暴露溶蚀、浅埋藏白云岩化是基质孔隙发育的基础,储层深埋引起的古油藏原油裂解导致的超压水力破裂缝的形成,是储层渗透性改善的关键,"孔-缝耦合"共同控制了超深层优质储层的发育。在此基础上,构建了生物礁非均质"孔-缝双元结构"储层模型,为生物礁储层预测奠定了理论基础。     

大港油田板深22井油气地球化学异常特征

根据板深22井中不同地球化学指标的背景含量和异常特征，重点探索和总结了不同油气层的化探指纹指标，并根据地表指纹指标的异常组合、配套关系及异常特征，对油气层的埋深进行了初步预测，为今后该地区地表开展预测油气藏埋深的工作提供了一定的地球化学依据。     

民和盆地窑街煤田油页岩沉积环境分析及开发前景预测

通过岩芯钻井资料的综合分析,对民和盆地窑街煤田油页岩沉积特征、层序地层、古地理演化和成矿规律进行了研究。结果表明,油页岩段主要为水进体系域和高水位体系域发育时期,油页岩主要形成于沼泽和浅湖-半深湖相的沉积环境中。其中油四层油页岩品质较好,平均含油率>8%,属于湖泊沼泽相,具有良好的工业品位。研究区油页岩具有中含油率高灰分的特征,资源总储量为2.3×108t,具有良好的开发前景。     

安哥拉下刚果盆地吉拉索尔深水油田

吉拉索尔油田位于西非安哥拉17号深水区块,水深1200～1400m,距安哥拉海岸150km。1996年发现,2001年产油,是安哥拉投入开发的第一个深水油田。油田面积约140km2,地质储量约为15.5×108bbl,可采储量约7.25×108bbl,为轻质油。油田所在的下刚果盆地主要经历了裂谷期、过渡期和热沉降期三个阶段的构造演化,相应沉积了裂谷期陆相地层、过渡期蒸发岩层和热沉降期海相地层。主要烃源岩为下白垩统Bucomazi组湖相页岩,有机质丰度高,类型好,成熟度适中,为很好的烃源岩。盆地深水区主要储层为上渐新统—中新统河道充填浊积砂岩复合体,砂岩固结差,物性良好。吉拉索尔油田主要由几个河道浊积砂岩复合体叠置组成,其中夹几个薄层席状砂岩,复合体之间被海相泥页岩分隔。上覆第三系泥岩为其主要盖层。     

塔河油田四区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线研究

塔里木盆地是我国的重要油气勘探区和产区,但是到目前为止,对塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞系统还认识不足,因而严重地影响了塔河油田的勘探开发。通过研究发现,塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的裂缝系统非常复杂,主要有两类裂缝:一种是构造裂缝;另一种是缝合线。前人认为前者重要,而忽略后者;而笔者等认为后者比前者更加重要。塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线非常发育,其频度是与石油成藏有一定关系的非构造裂缝所能及。根据缝合线与层面的关系,可以将塔河油田的奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏中的缝合线分为三种:顺层缝合线、倾斜缝合线和竖直缝合线。这三种缝合线彼此交织成复杂的网络系统,构成了储层内部油气运移的最初级良好通道,同时与裂缝一起构成了有效的油气运移通道和压裂的弱结构面,为油气成藏和后期的开发创造了良好的条件。     

Field Measurement of Suction, Water Content, and Water Permeability

This paper presents a review of techniques for field measurement of suction, water content, and water hydraulic conductivity (permeability). Main problems in the use of field tensiometers are addressed and hints on how to improve tensiometer performance are given. Advantages and limitations of instruments for indirect measurement of suction including electrical conductivity sensors, thermal conductivity sensors, dielectric permittivity sensors, filter paper, and psychrometer are discussed. Techniques for water content measurement based on dielectric methods are then presented. These include time and amplitude domain reflectometry and capacitance. Finally, a brief overview of methods for measurement of water permeability in the field is presented.     

A field test of a linear stability model for crescentic bars

A morphodynamical linear stability analysis is used to predict the natural development of crescentic bed patterns and rip channels. The purpose is to investigate whether this technique, which is useful for understanding the physics of emerging bed-forms, can be used to make quantitative predictions in the field, which may then be of use for coastal engineers.