Rock friction-effect of confining pressure,temperature, and pore pressure

This paper reviews many of the mechanical properties of faulted and jointed rock under pressure and temperature and in the presence of water. At low effective confining pressures (below about 1 kilobar), the friction strength is quite variable and depends on the frictional resistance between gouge particles or asperities and on the dilatancy of the fault. At higher pressures the friction strength is nearly independent of mineralogy, temperature, and rate, at least for rocks whose friction strength is less than the failure strength. Water tends to slightly weaken the fault. The type of sliding motion, whether stick-slip or stable sliding, is much more affected by environmental and mineralogical factors. In general, stick-slip is dominant at high pressures and low temperatures, in the presence of strong minerals such as quartz and feldspar, in the absence of gouge, for lower surface roughness, and perhaps in the presence of water. The microscopic deformation mechanisms are poorly understood. At low temperatures, cataclasis dominates in rocks containing mostly quartz or feldspar, and plastic deformation in rocks containing mostly calcite or platy silicates. At high temperature most minerals deform plastically, producing a greater temperature-and rate-dependence of the friction strength. Glass has been found in some sliding surfaces in sandstone.     

Production of gaseous pore pressure during rock slides

SummaryProduction of Gaseous Pore Pressure During Rock Slides When a rock mass slips, the local heating of the slip surface transforms pore water into vapour if the surface of failure is deep enough. It is possible to calculate, as a first approximation, a critical displacement of the mass necessary to create vapour in the slide zone. A second approximation gives the relation between critical displacement and rate of shear displacement as the slide mass creeps towards catastrophe.

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ZusammenfassungBildung eines gasförmigen Porendrucks während Gleitungen im Fels Bei Einstürzen einer Gesteinsmasse kann das Porenwasser durch die lokale Wärmeabfuhr an der Rutschfläche in Dampf umgewandelt werden, falls die Bruchfläche tief genug ist.In einer ersten Annäherung kann die kritische Verschiebung der Masse errechnet werden. In einer zweiten Annäherung kann eine Beziehung zwischen der kritischen Verschiebung und der Verschiebungsgeschwindigkeit hergestellt werden.

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RésuméFormation d'une pression interstitielle de gas lors d'un glissement d'une masse rocheuse Quand un massif rocheux s'écroule, la dissipation de chaleur localisée dans la surface de glissement peut transformer l'eau interstitielle en vapeur si la surface de rupture est suffisamment profonde. Dans une première approximation on peut calculer un déplacement critique du massif. Dans une deuxième approximation on peut obtenir une relation entre le déplacement critique et la vitesse de déplacement.

     

人工神经网络西太平洋副热带高压预报业务系统

本文应用常规500hpa资料,结合具有较稠密、高分辨的“TOVS”资料（卫星信息资料）,分析、归纳了西太平洋副热带高压大幅度北移、南蓝（120°E脊线）的经验规则,在此基础上选择了具有最优下降因子的BP算法。在人工神经网络的结构方面设计了神经网络的前处理功能,将众多的单因子经基于专家系统的前处理模块,归纳的规则,作为网络的输入端,经网络学习、训练、迭代获得了较快的收敛速度和较高的历史拟合率,建立了“人工神经网络西太平洋副热带高压预报业务系统”     

碳酸盐岩压溶埋藏史和排烃数值模拟模型初步探讨

压溶作用产生的缝合线是烃富集的场所及初次运移的通道。碳酸盐岩烃源岩压溶过程,随着地层厚度和体积的减小,未熟和低熟油气会伴随孔隙流体一同排出。根据碳酸盐岩埋藏与压溶机理,提出了压溶的碳酸盐岩缝合线或溶解缝厚度恢复及其古厚度恢复的数学模型,同时结合碳酸盐岩基质和缝合线孔度随深度的变化曲线建立了定量计算碳酸盐烃源岩压溶排烃量的数学模型。上述数学模型的关键是确定压溶作用开始和结束的深度和时间,缝合线的厚度     

我国浅层生物气藏的压力特征及成因探讨

对中国迄今已发现的浅层生物气藏研究资料的分析统计,发现这类气藏的压力系数大多数介于０．９￣１．１之间,属于常压气藏。该类气藏具有时代新（主要分布在第三系和第四系中）、埋藏浅（３０￣１５００ｍ）、水文地质条件相对开启、地层成岩作用弱、孔隙度和渗透率高、盖层封闭能力差、沉积剖面中砂岩含量高、经受的地层温度低、气藏高度小等特点,这是由其地质条件决定的。生物气藏这种特征,可为钻控这类气藏时,配用适当密度的     

Hopkinson压杆对准脆性材料的动态力学实验研究

分离式Hopkinson压杆是对准脆性材料实施高速加载的理想工具,利用该装置可以对准脆性材料实施各种加载方式,测定材料的动力特性参数。对分离式Hopkinson压杆装置的测试原理做了扼要说明,简单介绍了目前用于准脆性材料的测试方法(压缩实验方法和拉伸实验方法),并结合目前的测试技术,对准脆性材料的实验方法提出了一些新的设想。     

Study of Coherent Structures and Estimation of the Pressure Transport Terms for the Nocturnal Stable Boundary Layer

During the CASES-99 field experiment, three quartz-based microbarographs were installed on the 58-m main tower at the Central Site. These devices measuredabsolute pressure with temperature compensated output at a resolution better than 0.2 Pa and a sampling frequency of 2 s^-1 during the whole campaign. This sampling rate is not adequate to compute turbulent pressure fluxes with the classic averaging method, but the wavelet transform allows flux estimations at a wide range of scales. The resolution of the devices is suitable to study pressure perturbations such as internal gravity waves. The night period of the Intensive Operational Period number 6 (IOP6), where wave-like structures were present, is chosen to illustrate the method. A complete wavelet analysis of pressure recordsand data from sonic anemometers located at the same heights in the tower is performed. Wavelet methods make it possible to identify the relevant scales in the flowand to study the vertical structure of pressure perturbations, including coherent structures and small-scale motions.A study of a simplified turbulence kinetic energy budget equation is made and the contribution of the pressure terms is discussed.     

用分段式霍普金森压杆对水泥石动态弹性模量和破碎吸收能的实验研究

本文采用分段式霍普金森压杆(Sp litHopk inson Pressure Bar,缩写为SHPB),对各种配方水泥石材料的动态弹性模量、破碎吸收能进行了实验研究,并给出了部分实验结果。研究表明:采用SHPB技术测量水泥石材料的动态力学性能方法是可行的;填料增强是提高水泥石材料抗冲击性能的有效途径。     

Low-order pressure gradient schemes in sigma coordinate models: The seamount test revisited

This paper revisits the classic seamount test used in numerous previous studies to evidence the sigma errors of the pressure gradient force (PGF) and their long-term effects on circulation. Two kinds of analysis are developed. We first consider the initial PGF errors. Then, the global level of erroneous kinetic energy is computed along a 180-day simulation. The long-term circulation appears to be better correlated to the initial vorticity errors than to the initial error diagnostics.The original feature of this study is to reconsider the currently admitted idea that Density-Jacobian type PGFs perform better than the primitive sigma formulation discretized in a straightforward way (hereafter Straightforward-Primitive PGF). Errors on the discrete hydrostatic pressure are actually closely related to the way the density field is initialized. If a mass conserving method is preferred to a straightforward initialization, the rectangular integral of the Straightforward-Primitive PGF is likely to be more accurate than the trapezoidal rule usually involved in Density-Jacobian PGFs. Errors on the vorticity field of the Straightforward-Primitive PGF depend on the discretization of the hydrostatic correction term. A modified version of the Straightforward-Primitive PGF is shown to be in better agreement with the concept of bottom torque consistency. The seamount tests show that this so-called Modified-Primitive PGF performs globally better than the current low-order Density-Jacobian PGFs.     

地下掩埋管道及其地下建筑物压覆矿产边界的确定

地下掩埋管道及其地下建筑物压覆矿产边界,是由建设工程本身抗破坏能力、工程重要性以及矿体特征、开采方式、工程与矿体的相对位置等因素决定的。对于地下矿体,按围护带宽度、上覆各岩层移动角确定压覆矿产边界;对于地表非爆破性采矿,按围护带宽度和地表岩层移动角确定压覆矿产边界;对于地表爆破性采矿,安全爆破距离一般取50m。