流体包裹体压力计研究之二:高温高压下碳氢化合物的拉曼光谱

在温度23～315℃、压力高达近2000MPa下用金刚石压腔下研究了正庚烷、环己烷及其混合物的拉曼光谱特征。结果表明：环己烷和正庚烷混合,只是改变了环己烷及正庚烷的平均C-H伸缩振动的拉曼位移,但是并不影响其P-△^-vp关系式。另外,经过数据拟合,得到了平均C-H伸缩振动的拉曼位移与压力的关系为：P=78．21（△^-vp）＋71．56。该公式可以用来作为流体包裹体尤其是油气包裹体的压力计。     

Synthetic saline-aqueous and hydrocarbon fluid inclusions trapped in calcite at temperatures and pressures relevant to hydrocarbon basins: A reconnaissance study

We conducted reconnaissance experiments to synthesize aqueous and hydrocarbon inclusions trapped in calcite at conditions relevant to petroleum basins, and characterize the microthermometric properties of such inclusions. Fluid inclusions (FIs) were synthesized in a system of saline aqueous solution (5 or 20 wt% NaCl) coexisting with either heavy crude oil or gasoline under gas-undersaturated conditions, from 90 to 210 °C and 200–550 bar. The synthetic inclusions are not representative of gas-bearing systems, and methane (CH₄) was not detected in any aqueous inclusions. The FIs are mainly distributed along planar healed cracks, indicating that the inclusions formed by fracture healing in the calcite crystal. Microthermometric measurements were conducted on coeval aqueous and hydrocarbon inclusions, and Raman spectroscopic analyses were done on aqueous inclusions, to determine the properties of FIs trapped at these conditions.Homogenization temperatures of synthetic FIs are mostly lower than the experimental trapping temperature, although the FIs show high variability in measured homogenization temperature. Results allow comparison of T_h values for each sample with the expected T_h, isochores and pressure corrections calculated for the system H₂ONaCl. The latter parameters are broadly consistent with the known PVTX properties of H₂ONaCl fluids, suggesting little effect of hydrocarbons on the homogenization behavior, although the low precision of the T_h data limits this assessment. Nevertheless, this result is not unexpected considering that light hydrocarbons (gas) is not present in the experiments (as corroborated by Raman spectroscopy), a consequence of using “dead” oil in the experiments. Simulation of gas-bearing petroleum basins will require additional protocols for producing gas, either by in-situ cracking of the starting hydrocarbon material, or by other means. The reconnaissance experiments documented here provide a basis for such future experiments.     

The role of bedding in the evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones

To investigate the role of bedding in the evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones, detailed microscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses were conducted on bedding-oblique and bedding-parallel faults that cut a folded Neogene siliceous mudstone that contains opal-CT, smectite, and illite. An analysis of asymmetric structures in the fault gouges indicates that the secondary fractures associated with each fault exhibit contrasting characteristics: those of the bedding-oblique fault are R₁ shears, whereas those of the bedding-parallel fault are reactivated S foliation. The bedding-oblique fault shows the pervasive development of S foliation, lacks opal-CT, and has low SiO₂/TiO₂ ratios only in gouge, whereas the bedding-parallel fault exhibits these characteristics in both gouge and wall rocks. The development of S foliation and the lack of silica can result from local ductile deformation involving the sliding of phyllosilicates, coupled with pressure solution of opal-CT. Although such deformation can occur in gouge, the above results indicate that it may occur preferentially along bedding planes, preceding the formation of a gouge/slip surface. Thus, in sedimentary rocks that contain phyllosilicates and soluble minerals, bedding can influence the rheological evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones.     

Effect of waves on cavitation and pressure pulses

In view of environmental concerns, there is increasing demand to optimize the ships for the actual operating condition rather than for calm water. Now, in order to apply this for propeller design, a first step would be to study the effects of waves on propeller operation. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify and quantify the effect of various factors affecting the propeller in waves. The performance of KVLCC2 propeller in the presence of three different waves has been compared with calm water performance. Changes in performance in terms of cavitation, pressure pulses, and efficiency have been studied. Significant increase in pressure pulses has been observed due to wake change in waves even though cavitation did not show any significant change. An analysis using cavitation bucket diagram in different wave conditions indicates that a propeller optimized for calm water wake may perform much worse in the presence of waves. Therefore, having wake variation at least in critical wave conditions (where the wavelength is close to ship length) in addition to calm water wake could be very useful to ensure that the propeller performs equally well in the presence of waves.     

大气压电离质谱及其用于超高纯气体分析研究进展

超高纯气体在工业生产中有非常重要的地位,如半导体工业中电子气的质量直接影响半导体器件的性能,百万分之几的微量杂质气体便可导致集成电路中元件存储信息量的减少。越来越高的气体纯度要求对分析方法及仪器的灵敏度提出了很大的挑战。大气压电离质谱(APIMS)由于可以在大气压条件下对杂质进行电离,并伴随高效的电离方式,因此具有极高的灵敏度,成为超高纯气体杂质分析中极为有效的技术手段,特别适合检测10^-9 mol/mol甚至10^-12 mol/mol浓度量级的气体杂质。APIMS采用电晕放电及⁶³Ni两种电离源,通常以电晕放电电离源为主,质量分析器常采用四极杆,同时为适应超高纯气体分析,APIMS配备了气体进样系统及可将标准气体稀释产生校正气体的稀释系统。APIMS对杂质检测的灵敏度与杂质的电离方式密切相关,电荷传递是杂质电离最主要的一种方式,适用于电离能相差较大的底气与杂质,常见的N₂、Ar由于电离能较高,其中的大部分杂质均可依靠该方式测定;质子转移反应的应用通常与H₂有关,常用于H₂中杂质的测定,也可以通过添加H₂的方法促进对Ar中N₂杂质的检测;运用形成团簇离子的反应尽管较少,但亦有报道,通过监测团簇离子O₂⁺·H₂O,可提高O₂中杂质H₂O的检测灵敏度。依据不同的电离反应,可以设计对不同杂质的测定方式,实现对痕量、超痕量杂质的检测。APIMS检测灵敏度通常比电子轰击电离质谱(EI/MS)高10⁴~10⁶倍,因此目前依然是超高纯气体分析中不可替代的仪器方法,但在某些方面如对有腐蚀性电子特气的分析,方法灵敏度有待提高。     

Delineation and interpretation of spatial coseismic response of groundwater levels in shallow and deep parts of an alluvial plain to different earthquakes: A case study of the Kumamoto City area,southwest Japan

Coseismic changes in groundwater levels have been investigated throughout the world, but most studies have focused on the effects of one large earthquake. The aim of this study was to elucidate the spatial patterns of level changes in response to several earthquakes, and the relationship of the patterns to shallow and deep groundwater in the same area. We selected the Kumamoto City area in southwest Japan, a region with one of the richest groundwater resources in Japan, as our study site. Data from hourly measurements of groundwater levels in 54 wells were used to characterize the coseismic responses to four earthquakes that occurred in 2000, 2001, 2005, and 2008. Although the distance to the hypocenter (12–2573 km), and seismic energy (M_w = 5.0–8.0) of these earthquakes varied, systematic groundwater level changes were observed in the range of 0.01–0.67 m. Spatial patters of the level changes were clarified by interpolating the point data by a spline method. The zones where coseismic rises were observed were generally wider for deep groundwater than for shallow groundwater, probably as a result of an increase in compressive stress. General trends in the changes in groundwater levels, and calculated pressure changes, were clarified to be consistent in the deep groundwater, but the coseismic increases or decreases in compressive stress in the shallow groundwater were variable, depending on the distance to the earthquake epicenter. We developed a conceptual model of the mechanism underlying this phenomenon by assuming permeability enhancement induced by elastic strain and pore-pressure change over the depth range. In addition, the importance of local geology was identified, because levels in the area of Togawa lava (a porous andesite) tended to change more in magnitude, and more quickly, with a shorter recovery time, than levels measured in the area outside the lava.     

论岩溶地下水位对岩溶塌陷形成的控制作用——以山东枣庄市岩溶地面塌陷区为例

枣庄市是山东省岩溶地面塌陷的主要发育地区之一,岩溶地面塌陷灾害连年发生,给当地的生产、生活造成巨大经济损失,已成为该地区经济发展的制约因素。本文对该地区的地质条件、塌陷现状及岩溶地面塌陷的分布规律进行了分析归纳,从中得出枣庄岩溶地面塌陷容易发生在:在第四系厚度为5～10m的地段,时间为每年4～9月份,地势低洼处。本文从压力差的角度,在简要分析岩溶管道的发育程度、盖层条件的基础上,分析了地下水位在枣庄地面岩溶塌陷的控制作用,并以此为依据简要提出了几个防治建议。     

Isolating mesoscale coupled ocean–atmosphere interactions in the Kuroshio Extension region

The Kuroshio Extension region is characterized by energetic oceanic mesoscale and frontal variability that alters the air–sea fluxes that can influence large-scale climate variability in the North Pacific. We investigate this mesoscale air-sea coupling using a regional eddy-resolving coupled ocean–atmosphere (OA) model that downscales the observed large-scale climate variability from 2001 to 2007. The model simulates many aspects of the observed seasonal cycle of OA coupling strength for both momentum and turbulent heat fluxes. We introduce a new modeling approach to study the scale-dependence of two well-known mechanisms for the surface wind response to mesoscale sea surface temperatures (SSTs), namely, the ‘vertical mixing mechanism’ (VMM) and the ‘pressure adjustment mechanism’ (PAM). We compare the fully coupled model to the same model with an online, 2-D spatial smoother applied to remove the mesoscale SST field felt by the atmosphere. Both VMM and PAM are found to be active during the strong wintertime peak seen in the coupling strength in both the model and observations. For VMM, large-scale SST gradients surprisingly generate coupling between downwind SST gradient and wind stress divergence that is often stronger than the coupling on the mesoscale, indicating their joint importance in OA interaction in this region. In contrast, VMM coupling between crosswind SST gradient and wind stress curl occurs only on the mesoscale, and not over large-scale SST gradients, indicating the essential role of the ocean mesocale. For PAM, the model results indicate that coupling between the Laplacian of sea level pressure and surface wind convergence occurs for both mesoscale and large-scale processes, but inclusion of the mesoscale roughly doubles the coupling strength. Coupling between latent heat flux and SST is found to be significant throughout the entire seasonal cycle in both fully coupled mode and large-scale coupled mode, with peak coupling during winter months. The atmospheric response to the oceanic mesoscale SST is also studied by comparing the fully coupled run to an uncoupled atmospheric model forced with smoothed SST prescribed from the coupled run. Precipitation anomalies are found to be forced by surface wind convergence patterns that are driven by mesoscale SST gradients, indicating the importance of the ocean forcing the atmosphere at this scale.     

Pressure resistance of the corrugated stainless steel membranes of LNG carriers

Corrugated stainless steel membranes have been used as the primary barriers for LNG carriers to reduce thermal stresses at cryogenic temperatures. As the capacity of the LNG cargo is increased, however, the corrugated stainless steel membranes suffer from buckling and collapse due to increased sloshing loads in large-capacity LNG cargo carriers. In this study, the pressure resistance of the corrugated part of the stainless steel membrane was evaluated using a finite element method for better design of the LNG containment system, and an experimental equipment was developed and the pressure resistance of the stainless steel corrugations was measured and compared with the calculated results. In addition, a new membrane with high-pressure resistance and its reinforcing method were developed and evaluated experimentally.     

Sail pressures from full-scale, wind-tunnel and numerical investigations

The main results of a two-year project aimed at comparing full-scale tests, wind tunnel tests, and numerical analysis predictions are presented. Pressure measurements were obtained from both full-scale tests and wind tunnel tests, in upwind and downwind conditions. The upwind wind tunnel test condition was modelled using a Vortex Lattice code, while the downwind wind tunnel test was modelled using a Navier-Stokes code. The pressures obtained from the three different methods are compared on three horizontal sections of the headsail, mainsail and asymmetric spinnaker. In general the pressure from the three experiments showed good agreement. In particular, very good agreement was obtained between the numerical computations and the wind tunnel test results. Conversely, the results from the downwind full-scale pressure measurements showed less similarity due to a slightly tightened trim being used for the spinnaker in the on-water tests. Full-scale tests allow the action of unsteadiness due to the wind, wave and yacht movements to affect the results. This unstable environment caused the asymmetric spinnaker to move around, and a tightened trim was required to prevent the spinnaker from collapsing.