Réponse hydrologique d’un bassin semi-aride aux événements pluviométriques et aménagements de versant (bassin du Merguellil,Tunisie centrale)

RÉSUMÉ

L’influence cumulée des aménagements de versants sur les écoulements en zones semi-arides demeure peu étudiée et comprise à l’échelle de grands bassins versants. En Tunisie centrale, nous étudions les variations de la réponse hydrologique du bassin du Merguellil à l’échelle annuelle et pour 114 événements entre 1989 et 2010. Sur cette période, les aménagements de conservation des eaux et des sols ont progressivement drainé de 5% à 30% des surfaces du bassin. L’analyse statistique révèle la forte variabilité des pluies et des débits annuels, mais ne distingue aucune tendance déficitaire. L’approche événementielle démontre que les variations des écoulements annuels sont liées aux apports générés par un nombre très limité (cinq à six par an en moyenne) d’épisodes pluvieux supérieurs à 15 mm. Le nombre très variable de ces évènements ainsi que les écarts importants observés sur leur coefficient de ruissellement (K_R) respectif sont déterminants sur les apports annuels. Pour les événements de plus de 60 mm, les différences d’intensités pluviométriques, de couvert végétal et d’humidité du sol réduisent le ruissellement jusqu’à 80%. Toutefois, les K_R d’averses de moins de 40 mm, sur des sols au couvert végétal et d’humidité semblables, ont également diminué de 45% après l’extension des aménagements de CES à la fin des années 1990.     

Thorium(IV) removal from aqueous medium by citric acid treated mangrove endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. #ZZF51

Thorium(IV) biosorption is investigated by citric acid treated mangrove endophytic fungus Fussarium sp. #ZZF51 (CA-ZZF51) from South China Sea. The biosorption process was optimized at pH 4.5, equilibrium time 90 min, initial thorium(IV) concentration 50 mg L⁻¹ and adsorbent dose 0.6 g L⁻¹ with 90.87% of removal efficiency and 75.47 mg g⁻¹ of adsorption capacity, which is obviously greater than that (11.35 mg g⁻¹) of the untreated fungus Fussarium sp. #ZZF51 for thorium(IV) biosorption under the condition of optimization. The experimental data are analyzed by using isotherm and kinetic models. Kinetic data follow the pseudo-second-order model and equilibrium data agree very well with the Langmuir model. In addition, FTIR analysis indicates that hydroxyl, amino, and carbonyl groups act as the important roles in the adsorption process.     

Abilities and genes for PAH biodegradation of bacteria isolated from mangrove sediments from the central of Thailand

PAH-degrading bacteria, including Novosphingobium sp. PCY, Microbacterium sp. BPW, Ralstonia sp. BPH, Alcaligenes sp. SSK1B, and Achromobacter sp. SSK4, were isolated from mangrove sediments. These isolates degraded 50–76% of 100 mg/l phenanthrene within 2 weeks. Strains PCY and BPW also degraded pyrene at 98% and 71%, respectively. Furthermore, all of them probably produced biosurfactants in the presence of hydrocarbons. Interestingly, PCY has a versatility to degrade various PAHs. Molecular techniques and plasmid curing remarkably revealed the presence of the alpha subunit of pyrene dioxygenase gene (nidA), involving in its pyrene/phenanthrene degrading ability, located on megaplasmid of PCY which has never before been reported in sphingomonads. Moreover, genes encoding ferredoxin, reductase, extradiol dioxygenase (bphA3A4C) and exopolysaccharide biosynthetase, which may be involved in PAH degradation and biosurfactant production, were also found in PCY. Therefore, we conclude that these isolates, especially PCY, can be the candidates for use as inoculums in the bioremediation.     

轮藻浸出液对铜绿微囊藻生长特性的影响

探讨了湖泊沉水植物轮藻(Chara sp.)不同浓度浸出液对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长影响.当浸出液质量浓度为20～25 g/L时,其抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的效果最佳,抑制率为63.65％～65.59％,叶绿素a浓度显著下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性在实验进行14h后受到明显抑制.实验结果可以为抑制铜绿微囊藻生长、研制抑藻制剂提供支持.     

Removal of eutrophication factors and heavy metal from a closed cultivation system using the macroalgae, Gracilaria sp. (Rhodophyta)

In this study,the ability of macroalgae Gracilaria sp.of removing eutrophication factors and toxic heavy metals Al,Cr,and Zn in a closed cultivation system is reported.The results show that the concentration of the three heavy metals decreased significantly during the experimental period in an algal biomass dependent manner.The biofiltration capacity of the alga for Al,Cr,and Zn is 10.1%-72.6%,52.5%-83.4% and 36.5%-91.7%,respectively.Using more materials resulted in stronger heavy metal removal.Additionally...     

南极菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.S-15-13引导糖基转移酶基因表达对环境因子变化的响应

为了探讨胞外多糖在南极微生物低温适应性中的作用与机制,克隆了南极菌Pseudoalteromonas sp.S-15-13的引导糖基转移酶(GTF)核心片段,并采用Real-Time PCR的方法研究了温度、冻融循环、盐浓度、pH等条件对该糖基转移酶基因(gtf)表达的影响。结果表明,低温有利于gtf的表达,短时的低温刺激(2℃)1 h后,gtf的表达量即上调为对照的1.5倍;而该菌经4和10℃培养24 h后gtf的表达量约为20℃时的8~12倍;经过冻融循环gtf的表达量上调,在第2个冻融循环后gtf 的表达量较对照提高了3.667倍;盐浓度对gtf的影响表现为低促高抑,即NaCl含量为6.0 %时gtf 的表达量是对照(3.0%)的3.59倍,当NaCl含量达9.0 %时gtf 表达量则显著下调;在一定范围内(pH5.0~8.0),pH的改变会促进gtf 的表达,当pH为6.0时gtf 表达量约为pH7.0时的2倍。该结果为探讨胞外多糖在南极微生物环境适应性中的作用与机制提供了科学依据。     

Effects of temperature, algae biomass and ambient nutrient on the absorption of dissolved nitrogen and phosphate by Rhodophyte Gracilaria asiatica

Gracilaria asiatica,being highly efficient in nutrient absorption,is cultivated in sea cucumber ponds to remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate.It was cultured in a laboratory simulating field conditions,and its nutrient absorption was measured to evaluate effects of environmental conditions.Ammonia nitrogen(AN),nitrate nitrogen(NN),total inorganic nitrogen(TIN),and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) uptake rate and removal efficiency were determined in a 4×2 factorial design experiment in water temperatures(T) at 15℃ and 25℃,algae biomass(AB) at 0.5 g/L and 1.0 g/L,total inorganic nitrogen(TIN) at 30 μmol/L and 60 μmol/L,and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) at 3 and 6 μmol/L.AB and ambient TIN or SRP levels significantly affected uptake rate and removal efficiency of AN,NN,TIN,and SRP(P<0.001).G.asiatica in AB of 0.5 g/L showed higher uptake rate and lower removal efficiency relative to that with AB of 1.0 g/L.Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake rate rose with increasing ambient nutrient concentrations;nutrient removal efficiency decreased at higher environmental nutrient concentrations.The algae preferred to absorb AN to NN.Uptake rates of AN,NN,and SRP were significantly affected by temperature(P<0.001);uptake rate was higher for the 25℃ group than for the 15℃ group at the initial experiment stage.Only the removal efficiency of AN and SRP showed a significant difference between the two temperature groups(P<0.01).The four factors had significant interactive effects on absorption of N and P,implying that G.asiatica has great bioremedial potential in sea cucumber culture ponds.     

Copper bioavailability and toxicity to Mytilus galloprovincialis in Shelter Island Yacht Basin,San Diego,CA

The bioavailability and toxicity of copper (Cu) in Shelter Island Yacht Basin (SIYB), San Diego, CA, USA, was assessed with simultaneous toxicological, chemical, and modeling approaches. Toxicological measurements included laboratory toxicity testing with Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) embryos added to both site water (ambient) and site water spiked with multiple Cu concentrations. Chemical assessment of ambient samples included total and dissolved Cu concentrations, and Cu complexation capacity measurements. Modeling was based on chemical speciation and predictions of bioavailability and toxicity using a marine Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). Cumulatively, these methods assessed the natural buffering capacity of Cu in SIYB during singular wet and dry season sampling events. Overall, the three approaches suggested negligible bioavailability, and isolated observed or predicted toxicity, despite an observed gradient of increasing Cu concentration, both horizontally and vertically within the water body, exceeding current water quality criteria for saltwater.